Transaction Format

This file is meant to be the single source of truth for how we serialize transactions in Avalanche's Platform Virtual Machine, aka the Platform Chain or P-Chain. This document uses the primitive serialization format for packing and secp256k1 for cryptographic user identification.

Codec ID

Some data is prepended with a codec ID (unt16) that denotes how the data should be deserialized. Right now, the only valid codec ID is 0 (0x00 0x00).

Proof of Possession

A BLS public key and a proof of possession of the key.

What Proof of Possession Contains

PublicKey is the 48 byte representation of the public key.
Signature is the 96 byte signature by the private key over its public key.

Proof of Possession Specification

+------------+----------+-------------------------+
| public_key : [48]byte |                48 bytes |
+------------+----------+-------------------------+
| signature  : [96]byte |                96 bytes |
+------------+----------+-------------------------+
                        |               144 bytes |
                        +-------------------------+

Proof of Possession Specification

message ProofOfPossession {
    bytes public_key = 1; // 48 bytes
    bytes signature = 2;  // 96 bytes
}

Proof of Possession Example

    // Public Key:
    0x85, 0x02, 0x5b, 0xca, 0x6a, 0x30, 0x2d, 0xc6,
    0x13, 0x38, 0xff, 0x49, 0xc8, 0xba, 0xa5, 0x72,
    0xde, 0xd3, 0xe8, 0x6f, 0x37, 0x59, 0x30, 0x4c,
    0x7f, 0x61, 0x8a, 0x2a, 0x25, 0x93, 0xc1, 0x87,
    0xe0, 0x80, 0xa3, 0xcf, 0xde, 0xc9, 0x50, 0x40,
    0x30, 0x9a, 0xd1, 0xf1, 0x58, 0x95, 0x30, 0x67,
    // Signature:
    0x8b, 0x1d, 0x61, 0x33, 0xd1, 0x7e, 0x34, 0x83,
    0x22, 0x0a, 0xd9, 0x60, 0xb6, 0xfd, 0xe1, 0x1e,
    0x4e, 0x12, 0x14, 0xa8, 0xce, 0x21, 0xef, 0x61,
    0x62, 0x27, 0xe5, 0xd5, 0xee, 0xf0, 0x70, 0xd7,
    0x50, 0x0e, 0x6f, 0x7d, 0x44, 0x52, 0xc5, 0xa7,
    0x60, 0x62, 0x0c, 0xc0, 0x67, 0x95, 0xcb, 0xe2,
    0x18, 0xe0, 0x72, 0xeb, 0xa7, 0x6d, 0x94, 0x78,
    0x8d, 0x9d, 0x01, 0x17, 0x6c, 0xe4, 0xec, 0xad,
    0xfb, 0x96, 0xb4, 0x7f, 0x94, 0x22, 0x81, 0x89,
    0x4d, 0xdf, 0xad, 0xd1, 0xc1, 0x74, 0x3f, 0x7f,
    0x54, 0x9f, 0x1d, 0x07, 0xd5, 0x9d, 0x55, 0x65,
    0x59, 0x27, 0xf7, 0x2b, 0xc6, 0xbf, 0x7c, 0x12

Transferable Output

Transferable outputs wrap an output with an asset ID.

What Transferable Output Contains

A transferable output contains an AssetID and an Output.

AssetID is a 32-byte array that defines which asset this output references. The only valid AssetID is the AVAX AssetID.
Output is an output, as defined below. For example, this can be a SECP256K1 transfer output.

Gantt Transferable Output Specification

+----------+----------+-------------------------+
| asset_id : [32]byte |                32 bytes |
+----------+----------+-------------------------+
| output   : Output   |      size(output) bytes |
+----------+----------+-------------------------+
                      | 32 + size(output) bytes |
                      +-------------------------+

Proto Transferable Output Specification

message TransferableOutput {
    bytes asset_id = 1; // 32 bytes
    Output output = 2;  // size(output)
}

Transferable Output Example

Let's make a transferable output:

AssetID: 0x6870b7d66ac32540311379e5b5dbad28ec7eb8ddbfc8f4d67299ebb48475907a
Output: "Example SECP256K1 Transfer Output from below"

[
    AssetID <- 0x6870b7d66ac32540311379e5b5dbad28ec7eb8ddbfc8f4d67299ebb48475907a,
    Output  <- 0x0000000700000000ee5be5c000000000000000000000000100000001da2bee01be82ecc00c34f361eda8eb30fb5a715c,
]
=
[
    // assetID:
    0x68, 0x70, 0xb7, 0xd6, 0x6a, 0xc3, 0x25, 0x40,
    0x31, 0x13, 0x79, 0xe5, 0xb5, 0xdb, 0xad, 0x28,
    0xec, 0x7e, 0xb8, 0xdd, 0xbf, 0xc8, 0xf4, 0xd6,
    0x72, 0x99, 0xeb, 0xb4, 0x84, 0x75, 0x90, 0x7a,
    // output:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0xee, 0x5b, 0xe5, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xda, 0x2b, 0xee, 0x01,
    0xbe, 0x82, 0xec, 0xc0, 0x0c, 0x34, 0xf3, 0x61,
    0xed, 0xa8, 0xeb, 0x30, 0xfb, 0x5a, 0x71, 0x5c,
]

Transferable Input

Transferable inputs describe a specific UTXO with a provided transfer input.

What Transferable Input Contains

A transferable input contains a TxID, UTXOIndex AssetID and an Input.

TxID is a 32-byte array that defines which transaction this input is consuming an output from.
UTXOIndex is an int that defines which utxo this input is consuming the specified transaction.
AssetID is a 32-byte array that defines which asset this input references. The only valid AssetID is the AVAX AssetID.
Input is a transferable input object.

Gantt Transferable Input Specification

+------------+----------+------------------------+
| tx_id      : [32]byte |               32 bytes |
+------------+----------+------------------------+
| utxo_index : int      |               04 bytes |
+------------+----------+------------------------+
| asset_id   : [32]byte |               32 bytes |
+------------+----------+------------------------+
| input      : Input    |      size(input) bytes |
+------------+----------+------------------------+
                        | 68 + size(input) bytes |
                        +------------------------+

Proto Transferable Input Specification

message TransferableInput {
    bytes tx_id = 1;       // 32 bytes
    uint32 utxo_index = 2; // 04 bytes
    bytes asset_id = 3;    // 32 bytes
    Input input = 4;       // size(input)
}

Transferable Input Example

Let's make a transferable input:

TxID: 0x0dfafbdf5c81f635c9257824ff21c8e3e6f7b632ac306e11446ee540d34711a15
UTXOIndex: 0
AssetID: 0x6870b7d66ac32540311379e5b5dbad28ec7eb8ddbfc8f4d67299ebb48475907a
Input: "Example SECP256K1 Transfer Input from below"

[
    TxID      <- 0x0dfafbdf5c81f635c9257824ff21c8e3e6f7b632ac306e11446ee540d34711a15
    UTXOIndex <- 0x00000001
    AssetID   <- 0x6870b7d66ac32540311379e5b5dbad28ec7eb8ddbfc8f4d67299ebb48475907a
    Input     <- 0x0000000500000000ee6b28000000000100000000
]
=
[
    // txID:
    0xdf, 0xaf, 0xbd, 0xf5, 0xc8, 0x1f, 0x63, 0x5c,
    0x92, 0x57, 0x82, 0x4f, 0xf2, 0x1c, 0x8e, 0x3e,
    0x6f, 0x7b, 0x63, 0x2a, 0xc3, 0x06, 0xe1, 0x14,
    0x46, 0xee, 0x54, 0x0d, 0x34, 0x71, 0x1a, 0x15,
    // utxoIndex:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // assetID:
    0x68, 0x70, 0xb7, 0xd6, 0x6a, 0xc3, 0x25, 0x40,
    0x31, 0x13, 0x79, 0xe5, 0xb5, 0xdb, 0xad, 0x28,
    0xec, 0x7e, 0xb8, 0xdd, 0xbf, 0xc8, 0xf4, 0xd6,
    0x72, 0x99, 0xeb, 0xb4, 0x84, 0x75, 0x90, 0x7a,
    // input:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0xee, 0x6b, 0x28, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
]

Outputs

Outputs have two possible type: SECP256K1TransferOutput, SECP256K1OutputOwners.

SECP256K1 Transfer Output

A secp256k1 transfer output allows for sending a quantity of an asset to a collection of addresses after a specified Unix time. The only valid asset is AVAX.

What SECP256K1 Transfer Output Contains

A secp256k1 transfer output contains a TypeID, Amount, Locktime, Threshold, and Addresses.

TypeID is the ID for this output type. It is 0x00000007.
Amount is a long that specifies the quantity of the asset that this output owns. Must be positive.
Locktime is a long that contains the Unix timestamp that this output can be spent after. The Unix timestamp is specific to the second.
Threshold is an int that names the number of unique signatures required to spend the output. Must be less than or equal to the length of Addresses. If Addresses is empty, must be 0.
Addresses is a list of unique addresses that correspond to the private keys that can be used to spend this output. Addresses must be sorted lexicographically.

Gantt SECP256K1 Transfer Output Specification

+-----------+------------+--------------------------------+
| type_id   : int        |                        4 bytes |
+-----------+------------+--------------------------------+
| amount    : long       |                        8 bytes |
+-----------+------------+--------------------------------+
| locktime  : long       |                        8 bytes |
+-----------+------------+--------------------------------+
| threshold : int        |                        4 bytes |
+-----------+------------+--------------------------------+
| addresses : [][20]byte |  4 + 20 * len(addresses) bytes |
+-----------+------------+--------------------------------+
                         | 28 + 20 * len(addresses) bytes |
                         +--------------------------------+

Proto SECP256K1 Transfer Output Specification

message SECP256K1TransferOutput {
    uint32 type_id = 1;           // 04 bytes
    uint64 amount = 2;            // 08 bytes
    uint64 locktime = 3;          // 08 bytes
    uint32 threshold = 4;         // 04 bytes
    repeated bytes addresses = 5; // 04 bytes + 20 bytes * len(addresses)
}

SECP256K1 Transfer Output Example

Let's make a secp256k1 transfer output with:

TypeID: 7
Amount: 3999000000
Locktime: 0
Threshold: 1
Addresses:
- 0xda2bee01be82ecc00c34f361eda8eb30fb5a715c

[
    TypeID    <- 0x00000007
    Amount    <- 0x00000000ee5be5c0
    Locktime  <- 0x0000000000000000
    Threshold <- 0x00000001
    Addresses <- [
        0xda2bee01be82ecc00c34f361eda8eb30fb5a715c,
    ]
]
=
[
    // type_id:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07,
    // amount:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xee, 0x5b, 0xe5, 0xc0,
    // locktime:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    // threshold:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // number of addresses:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // addrs[0]:
    0xda, 0x2b, 0xee, 0x01, 0xbe, 0x82, 0xec, 0xc0,
    0x0c, 0x34, 0xf3, 0x61, 0xed, 0xa8, 0xeb, 0x30,
    0xfb, 0x5a, 0x71, 0x5c,
]

SECP256K1 Output Owners Output

A secp256k1 output owners output will receive the staking rewards when the lock up period ends.

What SECP256K1 Output Owners Output Contains

A secp256k1 output owners output contains a TypeID, Locktime, Threshold, and Addresses.

TypeID is the ID for this output type. It is 0x0000000b.
Locktime is a long that contains the Unix timestamp that this output can be spent after. The Unix timestamp is specific to the second.
Threshold is an int that names the number of unique signatures required to spend the output. Must be less than or equal to the length of Addresses. If Addresses is empty, must be 0.
Addresses is a list of unique addresses that correspond to the private keys that can be used to spend this output. Addresses must be sorted lexicographically.

Gantt SECP256K1 Output Owners Output Specification

+-----------+------------+--------------------------------+
| type_id   : int        |                        4 bytes |
+-----------+------------+--------------------------------+
| locktime  : long       |                        8 bytes |
+-----------+------------+--------------------------------+
| threshold : int        |                        4 bytes |
+-----------+------------+--------------------------------+
| addresses : [][20]byte |  4 + 20 * len(addresses) bytes |
+-----------+------------+--------------------------------+
                         | 20 + 20 * len(addresses) bytes |
                         +--------------------------------+

Proto SECP256K1 Output Owners Output Specification

message SECP256K1OutputOwnersOutput {
    uint32 type_id = 1;           // 04 bytes
    uint64 locktime = 2;          // 08 bytes
    uint32 threshold = 3;         // 04 bytes
    repeated bytes addresses = 4; // 04 bytes + 20 bytes * len(addresses)
}

SECP256K1 Output Owners Output Example

Let's make a secp256k1 output owners output with:

TypeID: 11
Locktime: 0
Threshold: 1
Addresses:
- 0xda2bee01be82ecc00c34f361eda8eb30fb5a715c

[
    TypeID    <- 0x0000000b
    Locktime  <- 0x0000000000000000
    Threshold <- 0x00000001
    Addresses <- [
        0xda2bee01be82ecc00c34f361eda8eb30fb5a715c,
    ]
]
=
[
    // type_id:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0b,
    // locktime:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    // threshold:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // number of addresses:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // addrs[0]:
    0xda, 0x2b, 0xee, 0x01, 0xbe, 0x82, 0xec, 0xc0,
    0x0c, 0x34, 0xf3, 0x61, 0xed, 0xa8, 0xeb, 0x30,
    0xfb, 0x5a, 0x71, 0x5c,
]

Inputs

Inputs have one possible type: SECP256K1TransferInput.

SECP256K1 Transfer Input

A secp256k1 transfer input allows for spending an unspent secp256k1 transfer output.

What SECP256K1 Transfer Input Contains

A secp256k1 transfer input contains an Amount and AddressIndices.

TypeID is the ID for this output type. It is 0x00000005.
Amount is a long that specifies the quantity that this input should be consuming from the UTXO. Must be positive. Must be equal to the amount specified in the UTXO.
AddressIndices is a list of unique ints that define the private keys are being used to spend the UTXO. Each UTXO has an array of addresses that can spend the UTXO. Each int represents the index in this address array that will sign this transaction. The array must be sorted low to high.

Gantt SECP256K1 Transfer Input Specification

+-------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| type_id         : int   |                             4 bytes |
+-----------------+-------+-------------------------------------+
| amount          : long  |                             8 bytes |
+-----------------+-------+-------------------------------------+
| address_indices : []int |  4 + 4 * len(address_indices) bytes |
+-----------------+-------+-------------------------------------+
                          | 16 + 4 * len(address_indices) bytes |
                          +-------------------------------------+

Proto SECP256K1 Transfer Input Specification

message SECP256K1TransferInput {
    uint32 type_id = 1;                  // 04 bytes
    uint64 amount = 2;                   // 08 bytes
    repeated uint32 address_indices = 3; // 04 bytes + 4 bytes * len(address_indices)
}

SECP256K1 Transfer Input Example

Let's make a payment input with:

TypeID: 5
Amount: 4000000000
AddressIndices: [0]

[
    TypeID         <- 0x00000005
    Amount         <- 0x00000000ee6b2800,
    AddressIndices <- [0x00000000]
]
=
[
    // type_id:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05,
    // amount:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xee, 0x6b, 0x28, 0x00,
    // length:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // address_indices[0]
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
]

Unsigned Transactions

Unsigned transactions contain the full content of a transaction with only the signatures missing. Unsigned transactions have six possible types: AddValidatorTx, AddSubnetValidatorTx, AddDelegatorTx, CreateSubnetTx, ImportTx, and ExportTx. They embed BaseTx, which contains common fields and operations.

Unsigned BaseTx

What Base TX Contains

A base TX contains a TypeID, NetworkID, BlockchainID, Outputs, Inputs, and Memo.

TypeID is the ID for this type. It is 0x00000000.
NetworkID is an int that defines which network this transaction is meant to be issued to. This value is meant to support transaction routing and is not designed for replay attack prevention.
BlockchainID is a 32-byte array that defines which blockchain this transaction was issued to. This is used for replay attack prevention for transactions that could potentially be valid across network or blockchain.
Outputs is an array of transferable output objects. Outputs must be sorted lexicographically by their serialized representation. The total quantity of the assets created in these outputs must be less than or equal to the total quantity of each asset consumed in the inputs minus the transaction fee.
Inputs is an array of transferable input objects. Inputs must be sorted and unique. Inputs are sorted first lexicographically by their TxID and then by the UTXOIndex from low to high. If there are inputs that have the same TxID and UTXOIndex, then the transaction is invalid as this would result in a double spend.
Memo Memo field contains arbitrary bytes, up to 256 bytes.

Gantt Base TX Specification

+---------------+----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| type_id       : int                  |                                 4 bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| network_id    : int                  |                                 4 bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| blockchain_id : [32]byte             |                                32 bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| outputs       : []TransferableOutput |                 4 + size(outputs) bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| inputs        : []TransferableInput  |                  4 + size(inputs) bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| memo          : [256]byte            |                    4 + size(memo) bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
                          | 52 + size(outputs) + size(inputs) + size(memo) bytes |
                          +------------------------------------------------------+

Proto Base TX Specification

message BaseTx {
    uint32 type_id = 1;          // 04 bytes
    uint32 network_id = 2;       // 04 bytes
    bytes blockchain_id = 3;     // 32 bytes
    repeated Output outputs = 4; // 04 bytes + size(outs)
    repeated Input inputs = 5;   // 04 bytes + size(ins)
    bytes memo = 6;              // 04 bytes + size(memo)
}

Base TX Example

Let's make a base TX that uses the inputs and outputs from the previous examples:

TypeID: 0
NetworkID: 12345
BlockchainID: 0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
Outputs:
- "Example Transferable Output as defined above"
Inputs:
- "Example Transferable Input as defined above"

[
    TypeID       <- 0x00000000
    NetworkID    <- 0x00003039
    BlockchainID <- 0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
    Outputs      <- [
        0x6870b7d66ac32540311379e5b5dbad28ec7eb8ddbfc8f4d67299ebb48475907a0000000700000000ee5be5c000000000000000000000000100000001da2bee01be82ecc00c34f361eda8eb30fb5a715c
    ]
    Inputs       <- [
        0xdfafbdf5c81f635c9257824ff21c8e3e6f7b632ac306e11446ee540d34711a15000000016870b7d66ac32540311379e5b5dbad28ec7eb8ddbfc8f4d67299ebb48475907a0000000500000000ee6b28000000000100000000
    ]
]
=
[
    // type_id:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    // networkID:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x39,
    // blockchainID:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    // number of outputs:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // transferable output:
    0x68, 0x70, 0xb7, 0xd6, 0x6a, 0xc3, 0x25, 0x40,
    0x31, 0x13, 0x79, 0xe5, 0xb5, 0xdb, 0xad, 0x28,
    0xec, 0x7e, 0xb8, 0xdd, 0xbf, 0xc8, 0xf4, 0xd6,
    0x72, 0x99, 0xeb, 0xb4, 0x84, 0x75, 0x90, 0x7a,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0xee, 0x5b, 0xe5, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xda, 0x2b, 0xee, 0x01,
    0xbe, 0x82, 0xec, 0xc0, 0x0c, 0x34, 0xf3, 0x61,
    0xed, 0xa8, 0xeb, 0x30, 0xfb, 0x5a, 0x71, 0x5c,
    // number of inputs:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // transferable input:
    0xdf, 0xaf, 0xbd, 0xf5, 0xc8, 0x1f, 0x63, 0x5c,
    0x92, 0x57, 0x82, 0x4f, 0xf2, 0x1c, 0x8e, 0x3e,
    0x6f, 0x7b, 0x63, 0x2a, 0xc3, 0x06, 0xe1, 0x14,
    0x46, 0xee, 0x54, 0x0d, 0x34, 0x71, 0x1a, 0x15,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x68, 0x70, 0xb7, 0xd6, 0x6a, 0xc3, 0x25, 0x40,
    0x31, 0x13, 0x79, 0xe5, 0xb5, 0xdb, 0xad, 0x28,
    0xec, 0x7e, 0xb8, 0xdd, 0xbf, 0xc8, 0xf4, 0xd6,
    0x72, 0x99, 0xeb, 0xb4, 0x84, 0x75, 0x90, 0x7a,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0xee, 0x6b, 0x28, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    // Memo length:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
]

Unsigned Add Validator TX

What Unsigned Add Validator TX Contains

An unsigned add validator TX contains a BaseTx, Validator, Stake, RewardsOwner, and Shares. The TypeID for this type is 0x0000000c.

BaseTx
Validator Validator has a NodeID, StartTime, EndTime, and Weight
- NodeID is 20 bytes which is the node ID of the validator.
- StartTime is a long which is the Unix time when the validator starts validating.
- EndTime is a long which is the Unix time when the validator stops validating.
- Weight is a long which is the amount the validator stakes
Stake Stake has LockedOuts
- LockedOuts An array of Transferable Outputs that are locked for the duration of the staking period. At the end of the staking period, these outputs are refunded to their respective addresses.
RewardsOwner A SECP256K1OutputOwners
Shares 10,000 times percentage of reward taken from delegators

Gantt Unsigned Add Validator TX Specification

+---------------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| base_tx       : BaseTx                |                     size(base_tx) bytes |
+---------------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| validator     : Validator             |                                44 bytes |
+---------------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| stake         : Stake                 |                  size(LockedOuts) bytes |
+---------------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| rewards_owner : SECP256K1OutputOwners |               size(rewards_owner) bytes |
+---------------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| shares        : Shares                |                                 4 bytes |
+---------------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
                  | 48 + size(stake) + size(rewards_owner) + size(base_tx) bytes |
                  +--------------------------------------------------------------+

Proto Unsigned Add Validator TX Specification

message AddValidatorTx {
    BaseTx base_tx = 1;                      // size(base_tx)
    Validator validator = 2;                 // 44 bytes
    Stake stake = 3;                         // size(LockedOuts)
    SECP256K1OutputOwners rewards_owner = 4; // size(rewards_owner)
    uint32 shares = 5;                       // 04 bytes
}

Unsigned Add Validator TX Example

Let's make an unsigned add validator TX that uses the inputs and outputs from the previous examples:

BaseTx: "Example BaseTx as defined above with ID set to 0c"
Validator Validator has a NodeID, StartTime, EndTime, and Weight
- NodeID is 20 bytes which is the node ID of the validator.
- StartTime is a long which is the Unix time when the validator starts validating.
- EndTime is a long which is the Unix time when the validator stops validating.
- Weight is a long which is the amount the validator stakes
Stake: 0x0000000139c33a499ce4c33a3b09cdd2cfa01ae70dbf2d18b2d7d168524440e55d55008800000007000001d1a94a2000000000000000000000000001000000013cb7d3842e8cee6a0ebd09f1fe884f6861e1b29c
RewardsOwner: 0x0000000b00000000000000000000000100000001da2bee01be82ecc00c34f361eda8eb30fb5a715c
Shares: 0x00000064

[
    BaseTx       <- 0x0000000c000030390000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006870b7d66ac32540311379e5b5dbad28ec7eb8ddbfc8f4d67299ebb48475907a0000000700000000ee5be5c000000000000000000000000100000001da2bee01be82ecc00c34f361eda8eb30fb5a715cdfafbdf5c81f635c9257824ff21c8e3e6f7b632ac306e11446ee540d34711a15000000016870b7d66ac32540311379e5b5dbad28ec7eb8ddbfc8f4d67299ebb48475907a0000000500000000ee6b28000000000100000000
    NodeID       <- 0xe9094f73698002fd52c90819b457b9fbc866ab80
    StarTime     <- 0x000000005f21f31d
    EndTime      <- 0x000000005f497dc6
    Weight       <- 0x000000000000d431
    Stake        <- 0x0000000139c33a499ce4c33a3b09cdd2cfa01ae70dbf2d18b2d7d168524440e55d55008800000007000001d1a94a2000000000000000000000000001000000013cb7d3842e8cee6a0ebd09f1fe884f6861e1b29c
    RewardsOwner <- 0x0000000b00000000000000000000000100000001da2bee01be82ecc00c34f361eda8eb30fb5a715c
    Shares       <- 0x00000064
]
=
[
    // base tx:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x39,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x68, 0x70, 0xb7, 0xd6,
    0x6a, 0xc3, 0x25, 0x40, 0x31, 0x13, 0x79, 0xe5,
    0xb5, 0xdb, 0xad, 0x28, 0xec, 0x7e, 0xb8, 0xdd,
    0xbf, 0xc8, 0xf4, 0xd6,
    0x72, 0x99, 0xeb, 0xb4, 0x84, 0x75, 0x90, 0x7a,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0xee, 0x5b, 0xe5, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xda, 0x2b, 0xee, 0x01,
    0xbe, 0x82, 0xec, 0xc0, 0x0c, 0x34, 0xf3, 0x61,
    0xed, 0xa8, 0xeb, 0x30, 0xfb, 0x5a, 0x71, 0x5c,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0xdf, 0xaf, 0xbd, 0xf5, 0xc8, 0x1f, 0x63, 0x5c,
    0x92, 0x57, 0x82, 0x4f, 0xf2, 0x1c, 0x8e, 0x3e,
    0x6f, 0x7b, 0x63, 0x2a, 0xc3, 0x06, 0xe1, 0x14,
    0x46, 0xee, 0x54, 0x0d, 0x34, 0x71, 0x1a, 0x15,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x68, 0x70, 0xb7, 0xd6, 0x6a, 0xc3, 0x25, 0x40,
    0x31, 0x13, 0x79, 0xe5, 0xb5, 0xdb, 0xad, 0x28,
    0xec, 0x7e, 0xb8, 0xdd, 0xbf, 0xc8, 0xf4, 0xd6,
    0x72, 0x99, 0xeb, 0xb4, 0x84, 0x75, 0x90, 0x7a,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0xee, 0x6b, 0x28, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    // Node ID
    0xe9, 0x09, 0x4f, 0x73, 0x69, 0x80, 0x02, 0xfd,
    0x52, 0xc9, 0x08, 0x19, 0xb4, 0x57, 0xb9, 0xfb,
    0xc8, 0x66, 0xab, 0x80,
    // StartTime
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x5f, 0x21, 0xf3, 0x1d,
    // EndTime
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x5f, 0x49, 0x7d, 0xc6,
    // Weight
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xd4, 0x31,
    // Stake
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x39, 0xc3, 0x3a, 0x49,
    0x9c, 0xe4, 0xc3, 0x3a, 0x3b, 0x09, 0xcd, 0xd2,
    0xcf, 0xa0, 0x1a, 0xe7, 0x0d, 0xbf, 0x2d, 0x18,
    0xb2, 0xd7, 0xd1, 0x68, 0x52, 0x44, 0x40, 0xe5,
    0x5d, 0x55, 0x00, 0x88, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xd1, 0xa9, 0x4a, 0x20, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x3c, 0xb7, 0xd3, 0x84, 0x2e, 0x8c, 0xee, 0x6a,
    0x0e, 0xbd, 0x09, 0xf1, 0xfe, 0x88, 0x4f, 0x68,
    0x61, 0xe1, 0xb2, 0x9c,
    // RewardsOwner
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xda, 0x2b, 0xee, 0x01,
    0xbe, 0x82, 0xec, 0xc0, 0x0c, 0x34, 0xf3, 0x61,
    0xed, 0xa8, 0xeb, 0x30, 0xfb, 0x5a, 0x71, 0x5c,
    // Shares
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x64,
]

Unsigned Remove Avalanche L1 Validator TX

What Unsigned Remove Avalanche L1 Validator TX Contains

An unsigned remove Avalanche L1 validator TX contains a BaseTx, NodeID, SubnetID, and SubnetAuth. The TypeID for this type is 23 or 0x00000017.

BaseTx
NodeID is the 20 byte node ID of the validator.
SubnetID is the 32 byte Avalanche L1 ID that the validator is being removed from.
SubnetAuth contains SigIndices and has a type id of 0x0000000a. SigIndices is a list of unique ints that define the addresses signing the control signature which proves that the issuer has the right to remove the node from the Avalanche L1. The array must be sorted low to high.

Gantt Unsigned Remove Avalanche L1 Validator TX Specification

+---------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| base_tx       : BaseTx               |                            size(base_tx) bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| node_id       : [20]byte             |                                       20 bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| subnet_id     : [32]byte             |                                       32 bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| sig_indices   : SubnetAuth           |               4 bytes + len(sig_indices) bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 56 + len(sig_indices) + size(base_tx) bytes                                           |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Proto Unsigned Remove Avalanche L1 Validator TX Specification

message RemoveSubnetValidatorTx {
    BaseTx base_tx = 1;         // size(base_tx)
    string node_id = 2;         // 20 bytes
    SubnetID subnet_id = 3;     // 32 bytes
    SubnetAuth subnet_auth = 4; // 04 bytes + len(sig_indices)
}

Unsigned Remove Avalanche L1 Validator TX Example

Let's make an unsigned remove Avalanche L1 validator TX that uses the inputs and outputs from the previous examples:

BaseTx: "Example BaseTx as defined above with ID set to 17"
NodeID: 0xe902a9a86640bfdb1cd0e36c0cc982b83e5765fa
SubnetID: 0x4a177205df5c29929d06db9d941f83d5ea985de302015e99252d16469a6610db
SubnetAuth: 0x0000000a0000000100000000

[
    BaseTx       <- 0x0000000000013d0ad12b8ee8928edf248ca91ca55600fb383f07c32bff1d6dec472b25cf59a700000000000000000000000
    NodeID       <- 0xe902a9a86640bfdb1cd0e36c0cc982b83e5765fa
    SubnetID     <- 0x4a177205df5c29929d06db9d941f83d5ea985de302015e99252d16469a6610db
    SubnetAuth   <- 0x0000000a0000000100000000
]
=
[
    // BaseTx
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x17, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x39,
    0x3d, 0x0a, 0xd1, 0x2b, 0x8e, 0xe8, 0x92, 0x8e,
    0xdf, 0x24, 0x8c, 0xa9, 0x1c, 0xa5, 0x56, 0x00,
    0xfb, 0x38, 0x3f, 0x07, 0xc3, 0x2b, 0xff, 0x1d,
    0x6d, 0xec, 0x47, 0x2b, 0x25, 0xcf, 0x59, 0xa7,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    // NodeID
    0xe9, 0x02, 0xa9, 0xa8, 0x66, 0x40, 0xbf, 0xdb,
    0x1c, 0xd0, 0xe3, 0x6c, 0x0c, 0xc9, 0x82, 0xb8,
    0x3e, 0x57, 0x65, 0xfa,
    // SubnetID
    0x4a, 0x17, 0x72, 0x05, 0xdf, 0x5c, 0x29, 0x92,
    0x9d, 0x06, 0xdb, 0x9d, 0x94, 0x1f, 0x83, 0xd5,
    0xea, 0x98, 0x5d, 0xe3, 0x02, 0x01, 0x5e, 0x99,
    0x25, 0x2d, 0x16, 0x46, 0x9a, 0x66, 0x10, 0xdb,
    // SubnetAuth
    // SubnetAuth TypeID
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0a,
    // SigIndices length
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // SigIndices
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
]

Unsigned Add Permissionless Validator TX

What Unsigned Add Permissionless Validator TX Contains

An unsigned add permissionless validator TX contains a BaseTx, Validator, SubnetID, Signer, StakeOuts, ValidatorRewardsOwner, DelegatorRewardsOwner, and DelegationShares. The TypeID for this type is 25 or 0x00000019.

BaseTx
Validator Validator has a NodeID, StartTime, EndTime, and Weight
- NodeID is the 20 byte node ID of the validator.
- StartTime is a long which is the Unix time when the validator starts validating.
- EndTime is a long which is the Unix time when the validator stops validating.
- Weight is a long which is the amount the validator stakes
SubnetID is the 32 byte Avalanche L1 ID of the Avalanche L1 this validator will validate.
Signer If the [SubnetID] is the primary network, [Signer] is the type ID 28 (0x1C) followed by a Proof of Possession. If the [SubnetID] is not the primary network, this value is the empty signer, whose byte representation is only the type ID 27 (0x1B).
StakeOuts An array of Transferable Outputs. Where to send staked tokens when done validating.
ValidatorRewardsOwner Where to send validation rewards when done validating.
DelegatorRewardsOwner Where to send delegation rewards when done validating.
DelegationShares a short which is the fee this validator charges delegators as a percentage, times 10,000 For example, if this validator has DelegationShares=300,000 then they take 30% of rewards from delegators.

Gantt Unsigned Add Permissionless Validator TX Specification

+---------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| base_tx       : BaseTx               |                            size(base_tx) bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| validator     : Validator            |                                       44 bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| subnet_id     : [32]byte             |                                       32 bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| signer        : Signer               |                                      144 bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| stake_outs    : []TransferOut        |                     4 + size(stake_outs) bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| validator_rewards_owner : SECP256K1OutputOwners | size(validator_rewards_owner) bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| delegator_rewards_owner : SECP256K1OutputOwners | size(delegator_rewards_owner) bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| delegation_shares   : uint32         |                                        4 bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 232 + size(base_tx) + size(stake_outs) +                                              |
| size(validator_rewards_owner) + size(delegator_rewards_owner) bytes                   |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Proto Unsigned Add Permissionless Validator TX Specification

message AddPermissionlessValidatorTx {
    BaseTx base_tx = 1;         // size(base_tx)
    Validator validator = 2;    // 44 bytes
    SubnetID subnet_id = 3;     // 32 bytes
    Signer signer = 4; // 148 bytes
    repeated TransferOut stake_outs = 5; // 4 bytes + size(stake_outs)
    SECP256K1OutputOwners validator_rewards_owner = 6; // size(validator_rewards_owner) bytes
    SECP256K1OutputOwners delegator_rewards_owner = 7; // size(delegator_rewards_owner) bytes
    uint32 delegation_shares = 8; // 4 bytes
}

Unsigned Add Permissionless Validator TX Example

Let's make an unsigned add permissionless validator TX that uses the inputs and outputs from the previous examples:

BaseTx: "Example BaseTx as defined above with ID set to 1a"
Validator: 0x5fa29ed4356903dac2364713c60f57d8472c7dda000000006397616e0000000063beee6e000001d1a94a2000
SubnetID: 0xf3086d7bfc35be1c68db664ba9ce61a2060126b0d6b4bfb09fd7a5fb7678cada
Signer: 0x0000001ca5af179e4188583893c2b99e1a8be27d90a9213cfbff1d75b74fe2bc9f3b072c2ded0863a9d9acd9033f223295810e429238e28d3c9b7f7212b63d746b2ae73a54fe08a3de61b132f2f89e9eeff97d4d7ca3a3c88986aa855cd36296fcfe8f02162d0258be494d267d4c5798bc081ab602ded90b0fc16d8a035e68ff5294794cb63ff1ee068fbfc2b4c8cd2d08ebf297
StakeOuts: 0x000000013d0ad12b8ee8928edf248ca91ca55600fb383f07c32bff1d6dec472b25cf59a700000007000001d1a94a20000000000000000000000000010000000133eeffc64785cf9d80e7731d9f31f67bd03c5cf0
ValidatorRewardsOwner: 0x0000000b0000000000000000000000010000000172f3eb9aeaf8283011ce6e437fdecd65eace8f52
DelegatorRewardsOwner: 0x0000000b00000000000000000000000100000001b2b91313ac487c222445254e26cd026d21f6f440
DelegationShares: 0x00004e20

[
    BaseTx       <- 0x0000001a00003039e902a9a86640bfdb1cd0e36c0cc982b83e5765fad5f6bbe6abdcce7b5ae7d7c700000000000000014a177205df5c29929d06db9d941f83d5ea985de302015e99252d16469a6610db000000003d0ad12b8ee8928edf248ca91ca55600fb383f07c32bff1d6dec472b25cf59a700000005000001d1a94a2000000000010000000000000000
    Validator    <- 0x5fa29ed4356903dac2364713c60f57d8472c7dda000000006397616e0000000063beee6e000001d1a94a2000
    SubnetID     <- 0xf3086d7bfc35be1c68db664ba9ce61a2060126b0d6b4bfb09fd7a5fb7678cada
    Signer       <- 0x0000001ca5af179e4188583893c2b99e1a8be27d90a9213cfbff1d75b74fe2bc9f3b072c2ded0863a9d9acd9033f223295810e429238e28d3c9b7f7212b63d746b2ae73a54fe08a3de61b132f2f89e9eeff97d4d7ca3a3c88986aa855cd36296fcfe8f02162d0258be494d267d4c5798bc081ab602ded90b0fc16d8a035e68ff5294794cb63ff1ee068fbfc2b4c8cd2d08ebf297
    StakeOuts    <- 0x000000013d0ad12b8ee8928edf248ca91ca55600fb383f07c32bff1d6dec472b25cf59a700000007000001d1a94a20000000000000000000000000010000000133eeffc64785cf9d80e7731d9f31f67bd03c5cf0
    ValidatorRewardsOwner  <- 0x0000000b0000000000000000000000010000000172f3eb9aeaf8283011ce6e437fdecd65eace8f52
    DelegatorRewardsOwner  <- 0x0000000b0000000000000000000000010000000172f3eb9aeaf8283011ce6e437fdecd65eace8f52
    DelegationShares       <- 0x00004e20
]
=
[
    // BaseTx
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1a, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x39,
    0xe9, 0x02, 0xa9, 0xa8, 0x66, 0x40, 0xbf, 0xdb,
    0x1c, 0xd0, 0xe3, 0x6c, 0x0c, 0xc9, 0x82, 0xb8,
    0x3e, 0x57, 0x65, 0xfa, 0xd5, 0xf6, 0xbb, 0xe6,
    0xab, 0xdc, 0xce, 0x7b, 0x5a, 0xe7, 0xd7, 0xc7,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x4a, 0x17, 0x72, 0x05, 0xdf, 0x5c, 0x29, 0x92,
    0x9d, 0x06, 0xdb, 0x9d, 0x94, 0x1f, 0x83, 0xd5,
    0xea, 0x98, 0x5d, 0xe3, 0x02, 0x01, 0x5e, 0x99,
    0x25, 0x2d, 0x16, 0x46, 0x9a, 0x66, 0x10, 0xdb,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3d, 0x0a, 0xd1, 0x2b,
    0x8e, 0xe8, 0x92, 0x8e, 0xdf, 0x24, 0x8c, 0xa9,
    0x1c, 0xa5, 0x56, 0x00, 0xfb, 0x38, 0x3f, 0x07,
    0xc3, 0x2b, 0xff, 0x1d, 0x6d, 0xec, 0x47, 0x2b,
    0x25, 0xcf, 0x59, 0xa7, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xd1, 0xa9, 0x4a, 0x20, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    // Validator
    // NodeID
    0x5f, 0xa2, 0x9e, 0xd4, 0x35, 0x69, 0x03, 0xda,
    0xc2, 0x36, 0x47, 0x13, 0xc6, 0x0f, 0x57, 0xd8,
    0x47, 0x2c, 0x7d, 0xda, 0x
    // Start time
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x63, 0x97, 0x61, 0x6e,
    // End time
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x63, 0xbe, 0xee, 0x6e,
    // Weight
    0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xd1, 0xa9, 0x4a, 0x20, 0x00,
    // SubnetID
    0xf3, 0x08, 0x6d, 0x7b, 0xfc, 0x35, 0xbe, 0x1c,
    0x68, 0xdb, 0x66, 0x4b, 0xa9, 0xce, 0x61, 0xa2,
    0x06, 0x01, 0x26, 0xb0, 0xd6, 0xb4, 0xbf, 0xb0,
    0x9f, 0xd7, 0xa5, 0xfb, 0x76, 0x78, 0xca, 0xda,
    // Signer
    // TypeID
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1c,
    // Pub key
    0xa5, 0xaf, 0x17, 0x9e, 0x41, 0x88, 0x58, 0x38,
    0x93, 0xc2, 0xb9, 0x9e, 0x1a, 0x8b, 0xe2, 0x7d,
    0x90, 0xa9, 0x21, 0x3c, 0xfb, 0xff, 0x1d, 0x75,
    0xb7, 0x4f, 0xe2, 0xbc, 0x9f, 0x3b, 0x07, 0x2c,
    0x2d, 0xed, 0x08, 0x63, 0xa9, 0xd9, 0xac, 0xd9,
    0x03, 0x3f, 0x22, 0x32, 0x95, 0x81, 0x0e, 0x42,
    // Sig
    0x92, 0x38, 0xe2, 0x8d, 0x3c, 0x9b, 0x7f, 0x72,
    0x12, 0xb6, 0x3d, 0x74, 0x6b, 0x2a, 0xe7, 0x3a,
    0x54, 0xfe, 0x08, 0xa3, 0xde, 0x61, 0xb1, 0x32,
    0xf2, 0xf8, 0x9e, 0x9e, 0xef, 0xf9, 0x7d, 0x4d,
    0x7c, 0xa3, 0xa3, 0xc8, 0x89, 0x86, 0xaa, 0x85,
    0x5c, 0xd3, 0x62, 0x96, 0xfc, 0xfe, 0x8f, 0x02,
    0x16, 0x2d, 0x02, 0x58, 0xbe, 0x49, 0x4d, 0x26,
    0x7d, 0x4c, 0x57, 0x98, 0xbc, 0x08, 0x1a, 0xb6,
    0x02, 0xde, 0xd9, 0x0b, 0x0f, 0xc1, 0x6d, 0x8a,
    0x03, 0x5e, 0x68, 0xff, 0x52, 0x94, 0x79, 0x4c,
    0xb6, 0x3f, 0xf1, 0xee, 0x06, 0x8f, 0xbf, 0xc2,
    0xb4, 0xc8, 0xcd, 0x2d, 0x08, 0xeb, 0xf2, 0x97,
    // Stake outs
    // Num stake outs
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // AssetID
    0x3d, 0x0a, 0xd1, 0x2b, 0x8e, 0xe8, 0x92, 0x8e,
    0xdf, 0x24, 0x8c, 0xa9, 0x1c, 0xa5, 0x56, 0x00,
    0xfb, 0x38, 0x3f, 0x07, 0xc3, 0x2b, 0xff, 0x1d,
    0x6d, 0xec, 0x47, 0x2b, 0x25, 0xcf, 0x59, 0xa7,
    // Output
    // typeID
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07,
    // Amount
    0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xd1, 0xa9, 0x4a, 0x20, 0x00,
    // Locktime
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    // Threshold
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // Num addrs
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // Addr 0
    0x33, 0xee, 0xff, 0xc6, 0x47, 0x85, 0xcf, 0x9d,
    0x80, 0xe7, 0x73, 0x1d, 0x9f, 0x31, 0xf6, 0x7b,
    0xd0, 0x3c, 0x5c, 0xf0,
    // Validator rewards owner
    // TypeID
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0b,
    // Locktime
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    // Threshold
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // Num addrs
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // Addr 0
    0x72, 0xf3, 0xeb, 0x9a, 0xea, 0xf8, 0x28, 0x30,
    0x11, 0xce, 0x6e, 0x43, 0x7f, 0xde, 0xcd, 0x65,
    0xea, 0xce, 0x8f, 0x52,
    // Delegator rewards owner
    // TypeID
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0b,
    // Locktime
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    // Threshold
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // Num addrs
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // Addr 0
    0xb2, 0xb9, 0x13, 0x13, 0xac, 0x48, 0x7c, 0x22,
    0x24, 0x45, 0x25, 0x4e, 0x26, 0xcd, 0x02, 0x6d,
    0x21, 0xf6, 0xf4, 0x40,
    // Delegation shares
    0x00, 0x00, 0x4e, 0x20,
]

Unsigned Add Permissionless Delegator TX

What Unsigned Add Permissionless Delegator TX Contains

An unsigned add permissionless delegator TX contains a BaseTx, Validator, SubnetID, StakeOuts, and DelegatorRewardsOwner. The TypeID for this type is 26 or 0x0000001a.

BaseTx
Validator Validator has a NodeID, StartTime, EndTime, and Weight
- NodeID is the 20 byte node ID of the validator.
- StartTime is a long which is the Unix time when the validator starts validating.
- EndTime is a long which is the Unix time when the validator stops validating.
- Weight is a long which is the amount the validator stakes
SubnetID is the 32 byte Avalanche L1 ID of the Avalanche L1 this delegation is on.
StakeOuts An array of Transferable Outputs. Where to send staked tokens when done validating.
DelegatorRewardsOwner Where to send staking rewards when done validating.

Gantt Unsigned Add Permissionless Delegator TX Specification

+---------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| base_tx       : BaseTx               |                            size(base_tx) bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| validator     : Validator            |                                       44 bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| subnet_id     : [32]byte             |                                       32 bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| stake_outs    : []TransferOut        |                     4 + size(stake_outs) bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| delegator_rewards_owner : SECP256K1OutputOwners | size(delegator_rewards_owner) bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 80 + size(base_tx) + size(stake_outs) + size(delegator_rewards_owner) bytes           |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Proto Unsigned Add Permissionless Delegator TX Specification

message AddPermissionlessDelegatorTx {
    BaseTx base_tx = 1;         // size(base_tx)
    Validator validator = 2;    // size(validator)
    SubnetID subnet_id = 3;     // 32 bytes
    repeated TransferOut stake_outs = 4; // 4 bytes + size(stake_outs)
    SECP256K1OutputOwners delegator_rewards_owner = 5; // size(delegator_rewards_owner) bytes
}

Unsigned Add Permissionless Delegator TX Example

Let's make an unsigned add permissionless delegator TX that uses the inputs and outputs from the previous examples:

BaseTx: "Example BaseTx as defined above with ID set to 1a"
Validator: 0x5fa29ed4356903dac2364713c60f57d8472c7dda00000000639761970000000063beee97000001d1a94a2000
SubnetID: 0xf3086d7bfc35be1c68db664ba9ce61a2060126b0d6b4bfb09fd7a5fb7678cada
StakeOuts: 0x000000013d0ad12b8ee8928edf248ca91ca55600fb383f07c32bff1d6dec472b25cf59a700000007000001d1a94a20000000000000000000000000010000000133eeffc64785cf9d80e7731d9f31f67bd03c5cf0
DelegatorRewardsOwner: 0x0000000b0000000000000000000000010000000172f3eb9aeaf8283011ce6e437fdecd65eace8f52

[
    BaseTx       <- 0x0000001a00003039e902a9a86640bfdb1cd0e36c0cc982b83e5765fad5f6bbe6abdcce7b5ae7d7c700000000000000014a177205df5c29929d06db9d941f83d5ea985de302015e99252d16469a6610db000000003d0ad12b8ee8928edf248ca91ca55600fb383f07c32bff1d6dec472b25cf59a700000005000001d1a94a2000000000010000000000000000
    Validator    <- 0x5fa29ed4356903dac2364713c60f57d8472c7dda00000000639761970000000063beee97000001d1a94a2000
    SubnetID     <- 0xf3086d7bfc35be1c68db664ba9ce61a2060126b0d6b4bfb09fd7a5fb7678cada
    StakeOuts    <- 0x000000013d0ad12b8ee8928edf248ca91ca55600fb383f07c32bff1d6dec472b25cf59a700000007000001d1a94a20000000000000000000000000010000000133eeffc64785cf9d80e7731d9f31f67bd03c5cf0
    DelegatorRewardsOwner <- 0x0000000b0000000000000000000000010000000172f3eb9aeaf8283011ce6e437fdecd65eace8f52
]
=
[
    // BaseTx
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1a, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x39,
    0xe9, 0x02, 0xa9, 0xa8, 0x66, 0x40, 0xbf, 0xdb,
    0x1c, 0xd0, 0xe3, 0x6c, 0x0c, 0xc9, 0x82, 0xb8,
    0x3e, 0x57, 0x65, 0xfa, 0xd5, 0xf6, 0xbb, 0xe6,
    0xab, 0xdc, 0xce, 0x7b, 0x5a, 0xe7, 0xd7, 0xc7,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x4a, 0x17, 0x72, 0x05, 0xdf, 0x5c, 0x29, 0x92,
    0x9d, 0x06, 0xdb, 0x9d, 0x94, 0x1f, 0x83, 0xd5,
    0xea, 0x98, 0x5d, 0xe3, 0x02, 0x01, 0x5e, 0x99,
    0x25, 0x2d, 0x16, 0x46, 0x9a, 0x66, 0x10, 0xdb,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3d, 0x0a, 0xd1, 0x2b,
    0x8e, 0xe8, 0x92, 0x8e, 0xdf, 0x24, 0x8c, 0xa9,
    0x1c, 0xa5, 0x56, 0x00, 0xfb, 0x38, 0x3f, 0x07,
    0xc3, 0x2b, 0xff, 0x1d, 0x6d, 0xec, 0x47, 0x2b,
    0x25, 0xcf, 0x59, 0xa7, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xd1, 0xa9, 0x4a, 0x20, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    // Validator
    // NodeID
    0x5f, 0xa2, 0x9e, 0xd4, 0x35, 0x69, 0x03, 0xda,
    0xc2, 0x36, 0x47, 0x13, 0xc6, 0x0f, 0x57, 0xd8,
    0x47, 0x2c, 0x7d, 0xda,
    // Start time
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x63, 0x97, 0x61, 0x97,
    // End time
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x63, 0xbe, 0xee, 0x97,
    // Weight
    0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xd1, 0xa9, 0x4a, 0x20, 0x00,
    // Stake_outs
    // Num stake outs
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // Stake out 0
    // AssetID
    0x3d, 0x0a, 0xd1, 0x2b, 0x8e, 0xe8, 0x92, 0x8e,
    0xdf, 0x24, 0x8c, 0xa9, 0x1c, 0xa5, 0x56, 0x00,
    0xfb, 0x38, 0x3f, 0x07, 0xc3, 0x2b, 0xff, 0x1d,
    0x6d, 0xec, 0x47, 0x2b, 0x25, 0xcf, 0x59, 0xa7,
    // TypeID
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07,
    // Amount
    0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xd1, 0xa9, 0x4a, 0x20, 0x00,
    // Locktime
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    // Threshold
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // Num addrs
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // Addr 0
    0x33, 0xee, 0xff, 0xc6, 0x47, 0x85, 0xcf, 0x9d,
    0x80, 0xe7, 0x73, 0x1d, 0x9f, 0x31, 0xf6, 0x7b,
    0xd0, 0x3c, 0x5c, 0xf0,
    // Delegator_rewards_owner
    // TypeID
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0b,
    // Locktime
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    // Threshold
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // Num addrs
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // Addr 0
    0x72, 0xf3, 0xeb, 0x9a, 0xea, 0xf8, 0x28, 0x30,
    0x11, 0xce, 0x6e, 0x43, 0x7f, 0xde, 0xcd, 0x65,
    0xea, 0xce, 0x8f, 0x52,
]

Unsigned Transform Avalanche L1 TX

Transforms a permissioned Avalanche L1 into a permissionless Avalanche L1. Must be signed by the Avalanche L1 owner.

What Unsigned Transform Avalanche L1 TX Contains

An unsigned transform Avalanche L1 TX contains a BaseTx, SubnetID, AssetID, InitialSupply, MaximumSupply, MinConsumptionRate, MaxConsumptionRate, MinValidatorStake, MaxValidatorStake, MinStakeDuration, MaxStakeDuration, MinDelegationFee, MinDelegatorStake, MaxValidatorWeightFactor, UptimeRequirement, and SubnetAuth. The TypeID for this type is 24 or 0x00000018.

BaseTx
SubnetID a 32-byte Avalanche L1 ID of the Avalanche L1 to transform.
AssetID is a 32-byte array that defines which asset to use when staking on the Avalanche L1.
- Restrictions
  - Must not be the Empty ID
  - Must not be the AVAX ID
InitialSupply is a long which is the amount to initially specify as the current supply.
- Restrictions
  - Must be > 0
MaximumSupply is a long which is the amount to specify as the maximum token supply.
- Restrictions
  - Must be >= [InitialSupply]
MinConsumptionRate is a long which is the rate to allocate funds if the validator's stake duration is 0.
MaxConsumptionRate is a long which is the rate to allocate funds if the validator's stake duration is equal to the minting period.
- Restrictions
  - Must be >= [MinConsumptionRate]
  - Must be <= [reward.PercentDenominator]
MinValidatorStake is a long which the minimum amount of funds required to become a validator.
- Restrictions
  - Must be > 0
  - Must be <= [InitialSupply]
MaxValidatorStake is a long which is the maximum amount of funds a single validator can be allocated, including delegated funds.
- Restrictions:
  - Must be >= [MinValidatorStake]
  - Must be <= [MaximumSupply]
MinStakeDuration is a short which is the minimum number of seconds a staker can stake for.
- Restrictions
  - Must be > 0
MaxStakeDuration is a short which is the maximum number of seconds a staker can stake for.
- Restrictions
  - Must be >= [MinStakeDuration]
  - Must be <= [GlobalMaxStakeDuration]
MinDelegationFee is a short is the minimum percentage a validator must charge a delegator for delegating.
- Restrictions
  - Must be <= [reward.PercentDenominator]
MinDelegatorStake is a short which is the minimum amount of funds required to become a delegator.
- Restrictions
  - Must be > 0
MaxValidatorWeightFactor is a byte which is the factor which calculates the maximum amount of delegation a validator can receive. Note: a value of 1 effectively disables delegation.
- Restrictions
  - Must be > 0
UptimeRequirement is a short which is the minimum percentage a validator must be online and responsive to receive a reward.
- Restrictions
  - Must be <= [reward.PercentDenominator]
SubnetAuth contains SigIndices and has a type id of 0x0000000a. SigIndices is a list of unique ints that define the addresses signing the control signature to authorizes this transformation. The array must be sorted low to high.

Gantt Unsigned Transform Avalanche L1 TX Specification

+----------------------+------------------+----------------------------------+
| base_tx              : BaseTx           |              size(base_tx) bytes |
+----------------------+------------------+----------------------------------+
| subnet_id            : [32]byte         |                         32 bytes |
+----------------------+------------------+----------------------------------+
| asset_id             : [32]byte         |                         32 bytes |
+----------------------+------------------+----------------------------------+
| initial_supply       : long             |                          8 bytes |
+----------------------+------------------+----------------------------------+
| maximum_supply       : long             |                          8 bytes |
+----------------------+------------------+----------------------------------+
| min_consumption_rate : long             |                          8 bytes |
+----------------------+------------------+----------------------------------+
| max_consumption_rate : long             |                          8 bytes |
+----------------------+------------------+----------------------------------+
| min_validator_stake  : long             |                          8 bytes |
+----------------------+------------------+----------------------------------+
| max_validator_stake  : long             |                          8 bytes |
+----------------------+------------------+----------------------------------+
| min_stake_duration   : short            |                          4 bytes |
+----------------------+------------------+----------------------------------+
| max_stake_duration   : short            |                          4 bytes |
+----------------------+------------------+----------------------------------+
| min_delegation_fee   : short            |                          4 bytes |
+----------------------+------------------+----------------------------------+
| min_delegator_stake  : long             |                          8 bytes |
+----------------------+------------------+----------------------------------+
| max_validator_weight_factor : byte      |                           1 byte |
+----------------------+------------------+----------------------------------+
| uptime_requirement   : short            |                          4 bytes |
+----------------------+------------------+----------------------------------+
| subnet_auth          : SubnetAuth       | 4 bytes + len(sig_indices) bytes |
+----------------------+------------------+----------------------------------+
| 141 + size(base_tx) + len(sig_indices) bytes                               |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Proto Unsigned Transform Avalanche L1 TX Specification

message TransformSubnetTx {
    BaseTx base_tx = 1;              // size(base_tx)
    SubnetID subnet_id = 2;          // 32 bytes
    bytes asset_id = 3;              // 32 bytes
    uint64 initial_supply = 4;       // 08 bytes
    uint64 maximum_supply = 5;       // 08 bytes
    uint64 min_consumption_rate = 6; // 08 bytes
    uint64 max_consumption_rate = 7; // 08 bytes
    uint64 min_validator_stake = 8;  // 08 bytes
    uint64 max_validator_stake = 9;  // 08 bytes
    uint32 min_stake_duration = 10;  // 04 bytes
    uint32 max_stake_duration = 11;  // 04 bytes
    uint32 min_delegation_fee = 12;  // 04 bytes
    uint32 min_delegator_stake = 13; // 08 bytes
    byte max_validator_weight_factor = 14; // 01 byte
    uint32 uptime_requirement = 15; // 04 bytes
    SubnetAuth subnet_auth = 16;    // 04 bytes + len(sig_indices)
}

Unsigned Transform Avalanche L1 TX Example

Let's make an unsigned transform Avalanche L1 TX that uses the inputs and outputs from the previous examples:

BaseTx: "Example BaseTx as defined above with ID set to 18"
SubnetID: 0x5fa29ed4356903dac2364713c60f57d8472c7dda4a5e08d88a88ad8ea71aed60
AssetID: 0xf3086d7bfc35be1c68db664ba9ce61a2060126b0d6b4bfb09fd7a5fb7678cada
InitialSupply: 0x000000e8d4a51000
MaximumSupply: 0x000009184e72a000
MinConsumptionRate: 0x0000000000000001
MaxConsumptionRate: 0x000000000000000a
MinValidatorStake: 0x000000174876e800
MaxValidatorStake: 0x000001d1a94a2000
MinStakeDuration: 0x00015180
MaxStakeDuration: 0x01e13380
MinDelegationFee: 0x00002710
MinDelegatorStake: 0x000000174876e800
MaxValidatorWeightFactor: 0x05
UptimeRequirement: 0x000c3500
SubnetAuth:
- TypeID: 0x0000000a
- SigIndices: 0x00000000

[
    BaseTx       <- 0000001800003039e902a9a86640bfdb1cd0e36c0cc982b83e5765fad5f6bbe6abdcce7b5ae7d7c700000000000000014a177205df5c29929d06db9d941f83d5ea985de302015e99252d16469a6610db000000003d0ad12b8ee8928edf248ca91ca55600fb383f07c32bff1d6dec472b25cf59a70000000500000000000f4240000000010000000000000000
    SubnetID     <- 0x5fa29ed4356903dac2364713c60f57d8472c7dda4a5e08d88a88ad8ea71aed60
    AssetID      <- 0xf3086d7bfc35be1c68db664ba9ce61a2060126b0d6b4bfb09fd7a5fb7678cada
    InitialSupply <- 0x000000e8d4a51000
    MaximumSupply <- 0x000009184e72a000
    MinConsumptionRate <- 0x0000000000000001
    MaxConsumptionRate <- 0x000000000000000a
    MinValidatorStake <- 0x000000174876e800
    MaxValidatorStake <- 0x000001d1a94a2000
    MinStakeDuration <- 0x00015180
    MaxStakeDuration <- 0x01e13380
    MinDelegationFee <- 0x00002710
    MinDelegatorStake <- 0x000000174876e800
    MaxValidatorWeightFactor <- 0x05
    UptimeRequirement <- 0x000c3500
    SubnetAuth   <- 0x0000000a0000000100000000
]
=
[
    // BaseTx:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x39,
    0xe9, 0x02, 0xa9, 0xa8, 0x66, 0x40, 0xbf, 0xdb,
    0x1c, 0xd0, 0xe3, 0x6c, 0x0c, 0xc9, 0x82, 0xb8,
    0x3e, 0x57, 0x65, 0xfa, 0xd5, 0xf6, 0xbb, 0xe6,
    0xab, 0xdc, 0xce, 0x7b, 0x5a, 0xe7, 0xd7, 0xc7,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x4a, 0x17, 0x72, 0x05, 0xdf, 0x5c, 0x29, 0x92,
    0x9d, 0x06, 0xdb, 0x9d, 0x94, 0x1f, 0x83, 0xd5,
    0xea, 0x98, 0x5d, 0xe3, 0x02, 0x01, 0x5e, 0x99,
    0x25, 0x2d, 0x16, 0x46, 0x9a, 0x66, 0x10, 0xdb,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3d, 0x0a, 0xd1, 0x2b,
    0x8e, 0xe8, 0x92, 0x8e, 0xdf, 0x24, 0x8c, 0xa9,
    0x1c, 0xa5, 0x56, 0x00, 0xfb, 0x38, 0x3f, 0x07,
    0xc3, 0x2b, 0xff, 0x1d, 0x6d, 0xec, 0x47, 0x2b,
    0x25, 0xcf, 0x59, 0xa7, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x42, 0x40,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x5f, 0xa2, 0x9e, 0xd4,
    0x35, 0x69, 0x03, 0xda, 0xc2, 0x36, 0x47, 0x13,
    0xc6, 0x0f, 0x57, 0xd8, 0x47, 0x2c, 0x7d, 0xda,
    0x4a, 0x5e, 0x08, 0xd8, 0x8a, 0x88, 0xad, 0x8e,
    0xa7, 0x1a, 0xed, 0x60, 0xf3, 0x08, 0x6d, 0x7b,
    0xfc, 0x35, 0xbe, 0x1c, 0x68, 0xdb, 0x66, 0x4b,
    0xa9, 0xce, 0x61, 0xa2, 0x06, 0x01, 0x26, 0xb0,
    0xd6, 0xb4, 0xbf, 0xb0, 0x9f, 0xd7, 0xa5, 0xfb,
    0x76, 0x78, 0xca, 0xda, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xe8,
    0xd4, 0xa5, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x09, 0x18,
    0x4e, 0x72, 0xa0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0a, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x17,
    0x48, 0x76, 0xe8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xd1,
    0xa9, 0x4a, 0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x51, 0x80,
    0x01, 0xe1, 0x33, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x27, 0x10,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x17, 0x48, 0x76, 0xe8, 0x00,
    0x05, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x35, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x0a, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00,
    // SubnetID
    0x5f, 0xa2, 0x9e, 0xd4, 0x35, 0x69, 0x03, 0xda,
    0xc2, 0x36, 0x47, 0x13, 0xc6, 0x0f, 0x57, 0xd8,
    0x47, 0x2c, 0x7d, 0xda, 0x4a, 0x5e, 0x08, 0xd8,
    0x8a, 0x88, 0xad, 0x8e, 0xa7, 0x1a, 0xed, 0x60,
    // AssetID
    0xf3, 0x08, 0x6d, 0x7b, 0xfc, 0x35, 0xbe, 0x1c,
    0x68, 0xdb, 0x66, 0x4b, 0xa9, 0xce, 0x61, 0xa2,
    0x06, 0x01, 0x26, 0xb0, 0xd6, 0xb4, 0xbf, 0xb0,
    0x9f, 0xd7, 0xa5, 0xfb, 0x76, 0x78, 0xca, 0xda,
    // InitialSupply
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xe8, 0xd4, 0xa5, 0x10, 0x00,
    // MaximumSupply
    0x00, 0x00, 0x09, 0x18, 0x4e, 0x72, 0xa0, 0x00,
    // MinConsumptionRate
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // MaxConsumptionRate
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0a,
    // MinValidatorStake
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x17, 0x48, 0x76, 0xe8, 0x00,
    // MaxValidatorStake
    0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xd1, 0xa9, 0x4a, 0x20, 0x00,
    // MinStakeDuration
    0x00, 0x01, 0x51, 0x80,
    // MaxStakeDuration
    0x01, 0xe1, 0x33, 0x80,
    // MinDelegationFee
    0x00, 0x00, 0x27, 0x10,
    // MinDelegatorStake
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x17, 0x48, 0x76, 0xe8, 0x00,
    // MaxValidatorWeightFactor
    0x05,
    // UptimeRequirement
    0x00, 0x0c, 0x35, 0x00,

// SubnetAuth

    // SubnetAuth TypeID
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0a,
    // SigIndices length
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // SigIndices
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
]

Unsigned Add Avalanche L1 Validator TX

What Unsigned Add Avalanche L1 Validator TX Contains

An unsigned add Avalanche L1 validator TX contains a BaseTx, Validator, SubnetID, and SubnetAuth. The TypeID for this type is 0x0000000d.

BaseTx
Validator Validator has a NodeID, StartTime, EndTime, and Weight
- NodeID is the 20 byte node ID of the validator.
- StartTime is a long which is the Unix time when the validator starts validating.
- EndTime is a long which is the Unix time when the validator stops validating.
- Weight is a long which is the amount the validator stakes
SubnetID is the 32 byte Avalanche L1 ID to add the validator to.
SubnetAuth contains SigIndices and has a type id of 0x0000000a. SigIndices is a list of unique ints that define the addresses signing the control signature to add a validator to an Avalanche L1. The array must be sorted low to high.

Gantt Unsigned Add Avalanche L1 Validator TX Specification

+---------------+----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| base_tx       : BaseTx               |                     size(base_tx) bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| validator     : Validator            |                                44 bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| subnet_id     : [32]byte             |                                32 bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| subnet_auth   : SubnetAuth           |        4 bytes + len(sig_indices) bytes |
+---------------+----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
                                   | 80 + len(sig_indices) + size(base_tx) bytes |
                                   +---------------------------------------------+

Proto Unsigned Add Avalanche L1 Validator TX Specification

message AddSubnetValidatorTx {
    BaseTx base_tx = 1;         // size(base_tx)
    Validator validator = 2;    // size(validator)
    SubnetID subnet_id = 3;     // 32 bytes
    SubnetAuth subnet_auth = 4; // 04 bytes + len(sig_indices)
}

Unsigned Add Avalanche L1 Validator TX Example

Let's make an unsigned add Avalanche L1 validator TX that uses the inputs and outputs from the previous examples:

BaseTx: "Example BaseTx as defined above with ID set to 0d"
NodeID: 0xe9094f73698002fd52c90819b457b9fbc866ab80
StarTime: 0x000000005f21f31d
EndTime: 0x000000005f497dc6
Weight: 0x000000000000d431
SubnetID: 0x58b1092871db85bc752742054e2e8be0adf8166ec1f0f0769f4779f14c71d7eb
SubnetAuth:
- TypeID: 0x0000000a
- SigIndices: 0x00000000

[
    BaseTx       <- 0x0000000d000030390000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006870b7d66ac32540311379e5b5dbad28ec7eb8ddbfc8f4d67299ebb48475907a0000000700000000ee5be5c000000000000000000000000100000001da2bee01be82ecc00c34f361eda8eb30fb5a715cdfafbdf5c81f635c9257824ff21c8e3e6f7b632ac306e11446ee540d34711a15000000016870b7d66ac32540311379e5b5dbad28ec7eb8ddbfc8f4d67299ebb48475907a0000000500000000ee6b28000000000100000000
    NodeID       <- 0xe9094f73698002fd52c90819b457b9fbc866ab80
    StarTime     <- 0x000000005f21f31d
    EndTime      <- 0x000000005f497dc6
    Weight       <- 0x000000000000d431
    SubnetID     <- 0x58b1092871db85bc752742054e2e8be0adf8166ec1f0f0769f4779f14c71d7eb
    SubnetAuth TypeID   <- 0x0000000a
    SubnetAuth   <- 0x00000000
]
=
[
    // base tx:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0d,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x39,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x68, 0x70, 0xb7, 0xd6, 0x6a, 0xc3, 0x25, 0x40,
    0x31, 0x13, 0x79, 0xe5, 0xb5, 0xdb, 0xad, 0x28,
    0xec, 0x7e, 0xb8, 0xdd, 0xbf, 0xc8, 0xf4, 0xd6,
    0x72, 0x99, 0xeb, 0xb4, 0x84, 0x75, 0x90, 0x7a,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0xee, 0x5b, 0xe5, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xda, 0x2b, 0xee, 0x01,
    0xbe, 0x82, 0xec, 0xc0, 0x0c, 0x34, 0xf3, 0x61,
    0xed, 0xa8, 0xeb, 0x30, 0xfb, 0x5a, 0x71, 0x5c,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0xdf, 0xaf, 0xbd, 0xf5, 0xc8, 0x1f, 0x63, 0x5c,
    0x92, 0x57, 0x82, 0x4f, 0xf2, 0x1c, 0x8e, 0x3e,
    0x6f, 0x7b, 0x63, 0x2a, 0xc3, 0x06, 0xe1, 0x14,
    0x46, 0xee, 0x54, 0x0d, 0x34, 0x71, 0x1a, 0x15,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x68, 0x70, 0xb7, 0xd6, 0x6a, 0xc3, 0x25, 0x40,
    0x31, 0x13, 0x79, 0xe5, 0xb5, 0xdb, 0xad, 0x28,
    0xec, 0x7e, 0xb8, 0xdd, 0xbf, 0xc8, 0xf4, 0xd6,
    0x72, 0x99, 0xeb, 0xb4, 0x84, 0x75, 0x90, 0x7a,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0xee, 0x6b, 0x28, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    // Node ID
    0xe9, 0x09, 0x4f, 0x73, 0x69, 0x80, 0x02, 0xfd,
    0x52, 0xc9, 0x08, 0x19, 0xb4, 0x57, 0xb9, 0xfb,
    0xc8, 0x66, 0xab, 0x80,
    // StartTime
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x5f, 0x21, 0xf3, 0x1d,
    // EndTime
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x5f, 0x49, 0x7d, 0xc6,
    // Weight
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xd4, 0x31,
    // SubnetID
    0x58, 0xb1, 0x09, 0x28, 0x71, 0xdb, 0x85, 0xbc,
    0x75, 0x27, 0x42, 0x05, 0x4e, 0x2e, 0x8b, 0xe0,
    0xad, 0xf8, 0x16, 0x6e, 0xc1, 0xf0, 0xf0, 0x76,
    0x9f, 0x47, 0x79, 0xf1, 0x4c, 0x71, 0xd7, 0xeb,
    // SubnetAuth
    // SubnetAuth TypeID
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0a,
    // SigIndices length
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // SigIndices
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
]

Unsigned Add Delegator TX

What Unsigned Add Delegator TX Contains

An unsigned add delegator TX contains a BaseTx, Validator, Stake, and RewardsOwner. The TypeID for this type is 0x0000000e.

BaseTx
Validator Validator has a NodeID, StartTime, EndTime, and Weight
- NodeID is 20 bytes which is the node ID of the delegatee.
- StartTime is a long which is the Unix time when the delegator starts delegating.
- EndTime is a long which is the Unix time when the delegator stops delegating (and staked AVAX is returned).
- Weight is a long which is the amount the delegator stakes
Stake Stake has LockedOuts
- LockedOuts An array of Transferable Outputs that are locked for the duration of the staking period. At the end of the staking period, these outputs are refunded to their respective addresses.
RewardsOwner An SECP256K1OutputOwners

Gantt Unsigned Add Delegator TX Specification

+---------------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| base_tx       : BaseTx                |                     size(base_tx) bytes |
+---------------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| validator     : Validator             |                                44 bytes |
+---------------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| stake         : Stake                 |                  size(LockedOuts) bytes |
+---------------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| rewards_owner : SECP256K1OutputOwners |               size(rewards_owner) bytes |
+---------------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
                |    44 + size(stake) + size(rewards_owner) + size(base_tx) bytes |
                +-----------------------------------------------------------------+

Proto Unsigned Add Delegator TX Specification

message AddDelegatorTx {
    BaseTx base_tx = 1;                      // size(base_tx)
    Validator validator = 2;                 // 44 bytes
    Stake stake = 3;                         // size(LockedOuts)
    SECP256K1OutputOwners rewards_owner = 4; // size(rewards_owner)
}

Unsigned Add Delegator TX Example

Let's make an unsigned add delegator TX that uses the inputs and outputs from the previous examples:

BaseTx: "Example BaseTx as defined above with ID set to 0e"
NodeID: 0xe9094f73698002fd52c90819b457b9fbc866ab80
StarTime: 0x000000005f21f31d
EndTime: 0x000000005f497dc6
Weight: 0x000000000000d431
Stake: 0x0000000139c33a499ce4c33a3b09cdd2cfa01ae70dbf2d18b2d7d168524440e55d55008800000007000001d1a94a2000000000000000000000000001000000013cb7d3842e8cee6a0ebd09f1fe884f6861e1b29c
RewardsOwner: 0x0000000b00000000000000000000000100000001da2bee01be82ecc00c34f361eda8eb30fb5a715c

[
    BaseTx       <- 0x0000000e000030390000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006870b7d66ac32540311379e5b5dbad28ec7eb8ddbfc8f4d67299ebb48475907a0000000700000000ee5be5c000000000000000000000000100000001da2bee01be82ecc00c34f361eda8eb30fb5a715cdfafbdf5c81f635c9257824ff21c8e3e6f7b632ac306e11446ee540d34711a15000000016870b7d66ac32540311379e5b5dbad28ec7eb8ddbfc8f4d67299ebb48475907a0000000500000000ee6b28000000000100000000
    NodeID       <- 0xe9094f73698002fd52c90819b457b9fbc866ab80
    StarTime     <- 0x000000005f21f31d
    EndTime      <- 0x000000005f497dc6
    Weight       <- 0x000000000000d431
    Stake        <- 0x0000000139c33a499ce4c33a3b09cdd2cfa01ae70dbf2d18b2d7d168524440e55d55008800000007000001d1a94a2000000000000000000000000001000000013cb7d3842e8cee6a0ebd09f1fe884f6861e1b29c
    RewardsOwner <- 0x0000000b00000000000000000000000100000001da2bee01be82ecc00c34f361eda8eb30fb5a715c
]
=
[
    // base tx:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x39,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x68, 0x70, 0xb7, 0xd6, 0x6a, 0xc3, 0x25, 0x40,
    0x31, 0x13, 0x79, 0xe5, 0xb5, 0xdb, 0xad, 0x28,
    0xec, 0x7e, 0xb8, 0xdd, 0xbf, 0xc8, 0xf4, 0xd6,
    0x72, 0x99, 0xeb, 0xb4, 0x84, 0x75, 0x90, 0x7a,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0xee, 0x5b, 0xe5, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xda, 0x2b, 0xee, 0x01,
    0xbe, 0x82, 0xec, 0xc0, 0x0c, 0x34, 0xf3, 0x61,
    0xed, 0xa8, 0xeb, 0x30, 0xfb, 0x5a, 0x71, 0x5c,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0xdf, 0xaf, 0xbd, 0xf5, 0xc8, 0x1f, 0x63, 0x5c,
    0x92, 0x57, 0x82, 0x4f, 0xf2, 0x1c, 0x8e, 0x3e,
    0x6f, 0x7b, 0x63, 0x2a, 0xc3, 0x06, 0xe1, 0x14,
    0x46, 0xee, 0x54, 0x0d, 0x34, 0x71, 0x1a, 0x15,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x68, 0x70, 0xb7, 0xd6, 0x6a, 0xc3, 0x25, 0x40,
    0x31, 0x13, 0x79, 0xe5, 0xb5, 0xdb, 0xad, 0x28,
    0xec, 0x7e, 0xb8, 0xdd, 0xbf, 0xc8, 0xf4, 0xd6,
    0x72, 0x99, 0xeb, 0xb4, 0x84, 0x75, 0x90, 0x7a,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0xee, 0x6b, 0x28, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    // Node ID
    0xe9, 0x09, 0x4f, 0x73, 0x69, 0x80, 0x02, 0xfd,
    0x52, 0xc9, 0x08, 0x19, 0xb4, 0x57, 0xb9, 0xfb,
    0xc8, 0x66, 0xab, 0x80,
    // StartTime
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x5f, 0x21, 0xf3, 0x1d,
    // EndTime
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x5f, 0x49, 0x7d, 0xc6,
    // Weight
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xd4, 0x31,
    // Stake
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x39, 0xc3, 0x3a, 0x49,
    0x9c, 0xe4, 0xc3, 0x3a, 0x3b, 0x09, 0xcd, 0xd2,
    0xcf, 0xa0, 0x1a, 0xe7, 0x0d, 0xbf, 0x2d, 0x18,
    0xb2, 0xd7, 0xd1, 0x68, 0x52, 0x44, 0x40, 0xe5,
    0x5d, 0x55, 0x00, 0x88, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xd1, 0xa9, 0x4a, 0x20, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x3c, 0xb7, 0xd3, 0x84, 0x2e, 0x8c, 0xee, 0x6a,
    0x0e, 0xbd, 0x09, 0xf1, 0xfe, 0x88, 0x4f, 0x68,
    0x61, 0xe1, 0xb2, 0x9c,
    // RewardsOwner
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xda, 0x2b, 0xee, 0x01,
    0xbe, 0x82, 0xec, 0xc0, 0x0c, 0x34, 0xf3, 0x61,
    0xed, 0xa8, 0xeb, 0x30, 0xfb, 0x5a, 0x71, 0x5c,
]

Unsigned Create Chain TX

What Unsigned Create Chain TX Contains

An unsigned create chain TX contains a BaseTx, SubnetID, ChainName, VMID, FxIDs, GenesisData and SubnetAuth. The TypeID for this type is 0x0000000f.

BaseTx
SubnetID ID of the Avalanche L1 that validates this blockchain
ChainName A human readable name for the chain; need not be unique
VMID ID of the VM running on the new chain
FxIDs IDs of the feature extensions running on the new chain
GenesisData Byte representation of genesis state of the new chain
SubnetAuth Authorizes this blockchain to be added to this Avalanche L1

Gantt Unsigned Create Chain TX Specification

+--------------+-------------+------------------------------------------+
| base_tx      : BaseTx      |                      size(base_tx) bytes |
+--------------+-------------+------------------------------------------+
| subnet_id    : SubnetID    |                                 32 bytes |
+--------------+-------------+------------------------------------------+
| chain_name   : ChainName   |                2 + len(chain_name) bytes |
+--------------+-------------+------------------------------------------+
| vm_id        : VMID        |                                 32 bytes |
+--------------+-------------+------------------------------------------+
| fx_ids       : FxIDs       |                   4 + size(fx_ids) bytes |
+--------------+-------------+------------------------------------------+
| genesis_data : GenesisData |             4 + size(genesis_data) bytes |
+--------------+-------------+------------------------------------------+
| subnet_auth  : SubnetAuth  |                  size(subnet_auth) bytes |
+--------------+-------------+------------------------------------------+
               | 74 + size(base_tx) + size(chain_name) + size(fx_ids) + |
               |           size(genesis_data) + size(subnet_auth) bytes |
+--------------+--------------------------------------------------------+

Proto Unsigned Create Chain TX Specification

message CreateChainTx {
    BaseTx base_tx = 1;               // size(base_tx)
    SubnetID subnet_id = 2;           // 32 bytes
    ChainName chain_name = 3;         // 2 + len(chain_name) bytes
    VMID vm_id = 4;                   // 32 bytes
    FxIDs fx_ids = 5;                 // 4 + size(fx_ids) bytes
    GenesisData genesis_data = 6      // 4 + size(genesis_data) bytes
    SubnetAuth subnet_auth = 7;       // size(subnet_auth) bytes
}

Unsigned Create Chain TX Example

Let's make an unsigned create chain TX that uses the inputs and outputs from the previous examples:

BaseTx: "Example BaseTx as defined above with ID set to 0f"
SubnetID: 24tZhrm8j8GCJRE9PomW8FaeqbgGS4UAQjJnqqn8pq5NwYSYV1
ChainName: EPIC AVM
VMID: avm
FxIDs: [secp256k1fx]
GenesisData: 11111DdZMhYXUZiFV9FNpfpTSQroysXhzWicG954YAKfkrk3bCEzLVY7gun1eAmAwMiQzVhtGpdR6dnPVcfhBE7brzkJ1r4wzi3dgA8G9Jwc4WpZ6Uh4Dr9aTdw7sFA5cpvCAVBsx6Xf3CB82jwH1gjPZ3WQnnCSKr2reoLtam6TfyYRra5xxXSkZcUm6BaJMW4fKzNP58uyExajPYKZvT5LrQ7MPJ9Fp7ebmYSzXg7YYauNARj
SubnetAuth: 0x0000000a0000000100000000

[
    BaseTx       <- 0x0000000f000030390000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006870b7d66ac32540311379e5b5dbad28ec7eb8ddbfc8f4d67299ebb48475907a0000000700000000ee5be5c000000000000000000000000100000001da2bee01be82ecc00c34f361eda8eb30fb5a715cdfafbdf5c81f635c9257824ff21c8e3e6f7b632ac306e11446ee540d34711a15000000016870b7d66ac32540311379e5b5dbad28ec7eb8ddbfc8f4d67299ebb48475907a0000000500000000ee6b28000000000100000000
    SubnetID     <- 0x8c86d07cd60218661863e0116552dccd5bd84c564bd29d7181dbddd5ec616104
    ChainName    <- 0x455049432041564d
    VMID         <- 0x61766d0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
    FxIDs        <- 0x736563703235366b316678000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
    GenesisData  <- 0x000000000001000e4173736574416c6961735465737400000539000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001b66726f6d20736e6f77666c616b6520746f206176616c616e636865000a54657374204173736574000454455354000000000100000000000000010000000700000000000001fb000000000000000000000001000000013cb7d3842e8cee6a0ebd09f1fe884f6861e1b29c
    SubnetAuth   <- 0x0000000a0000000100000000
]
=
[
  // base tx
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0f,
  0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x39, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
  0x39, 0xc3, 0x3a, 0x49, 0x9c, 0xe4, 0xc3, 0x3a,
  0x3b, 0x09, 0xcd, 0xd2, 0xcf, 0xa0, 0x1a, 0xe7,
  0x0d, 0xbf, 0x2d, 0x18, 0xb2, 0xd7, 0xd1, 0x68,
  0x52, 0x44, 0x40, 0xe5, 0x5d, 0x55, 0x00, 0x88,
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 0x12, 0x30,
  0x9c, 0xd5, 0xfd, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x3c, 0xb7, 0xd3, 0x84,
  0x2e, 0x8c, 0xee, 0x6a, 0x0e, 0xbd, 0x09, 0xf1,
  0xfe, 0x88, 0x4f, 0x68, 0x61, 0xe1, 0xb2, 0x9c,
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
  // end base tx

  // Subnet id
  0x8c, 0x86, 0xd0, 0x7c, 0xd6, 0x02, 0x18, 0x66,
  0x18, 0x63, 0xe0, 0x11, 0x65, 0x52, 0xdc, 0xcd,
  0x5b, 0xd8, 0x4c, 0x56, 0x4b, 0xd2, 0x9d, 0x71,
  0x81, 0xdb, 0xdd, 0xd5, 0xec, 0x61, 0x61, 0x04,

  // chain name length
  0x00, 0x08,

  // chain name
  0x45, 0x50, 0x49, 0x43, 0x20, 0x41, 0x56, 0x4d,

  // vm id
  0x61, 0x76, 0x6d, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,

  // fxids
  // num fxids
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
  // fxid
  0x73, 0x65, 0x63, 0x70, 0x32, 0x35, 0x36, 0x6b,
  0x31, 0x66, 0x78, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,

  // genesis data len
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xb0,
  // genesis data
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x0e,
  0x41, 0x73, 0x73, 0x65, 0x74, 0x41, 0x6c, 0x69,
  0x61, 0x73, 0x54, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x00, 0x00,
  0x05, 0x39, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1b, 0x66, 0x72,
  0x6f, 0x6d, 0x20, 0x73, 0x6e, 0x6f, 0x77, 0x66,
  0x6c, 0x61, 0x6b, 0x65, 0x20, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x20,
  0x61, 0x76, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x63, 0x68,
  0x65, 0x00, 0x0a, 0x54, 0x65, 0x73, 0x74, 0x20,
  0x41, 0x73, 0x73, 0x65, 0x74, 0x00, 0x04, 0x54,
  0x45, 0x53, 0x54, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
  0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xfb, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x3c, 0xb7, 0xd3, 0x84,
  0x2e, 0x8c, 0xee, 0x6a, 0x0e, 0xbd, 0x09, 0xf1,
  0xfe, 0x88, 0x4f, 0x68, 0x61, 0xe1, 0xb2, 0x9c,

  // type id (Subnet Auth)
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0a,
  // num address indices
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
  // address index
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
]

Unsigned Create Avalanche L1 TX

What Unsigned Create Avalanche L1 TX Contains

An unsigned create Avalanche L1 TX contains a BaseTx, and RewardsOwner. The TypeID for this type is 0x00000010.

BaseTx
RewardsOwner A SECP256K1OutputOwners

Gantt Unsigned Create Avalanche L1 TX Specification

+-----------------+-----------------------|---------------------------------+
| base_tx         : BaseTx                |             size(base_tx) bytes |
+-----------------+-----------------------+--------------------------------+
| rewards_owner   : SECP256K1OutputOwners |       size(rewards_owner) bytes |
+-----------------+-----------------------+---------------------------------+
                                | size(rewards_owner) + size(base_tx) bytes |
                                +-------------------------------------------+

Proto Unsigned Create Avalanche L1 TX Specification

message CreateSubnetTx {
    BaseTx base_tx = 1;                      // size(base_tx)
    SECP256K1OutputOwners rewards_owner = 2; // size(rewards_owner)
}

Unsigned Create Avalanche L1 TX Example

Let's make an unsigned create Avalanche L1 TX that uses the inputs from the previous examples:

BaseTx: "Example BaseTx as defined above but with TypeID set to 16"
RewardsOwner:
- TypeId: 11
- Locktime: 0
- Threshold: 1
- Addresses: [ 0xda2bee01be82ecc00c34f361eda8eb30fb5a715c ]

[
    BaseTx        <- 0x00000010000030390000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006870b7d66ac32540311379e5b5dbad28ec7eb8ddbfc8f4d67299ebb48475907a0000000700000000ee5be5c000000000000000000000000100000001da2bee01be82ecc00c34f361eda8eb30fb5a715cdfafbdf5c81f635c9257824ff21c8e3e6f7b632ac306e11446ee540d34711a15000000016870b7d66ac32540311379e5b5dbad28ec7eb8ddbfc8f4d67299ebb48475907a0000000500000000ee6b28000000000100000000
    RewardsOwner <-
        TypeID    <- 0x0000000b
        Locktime  <- 0x0000000000000000
        Threshold <- 0x00000001
        Addresses <- [
            0xda2bee01be82ecc00c34f361eda8eb30fb5a715c,
        ]
]
=
[
    // base tx:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x39, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x39, 0xc3, 0x3a, 0x49, 0x9c, 0xe4, 0xc3, 0x3a,
    0x3b, 0x09, 0xcd, 0xd2, 0xcf, 0xa0, 0x1a, 0xe7,
    0x0d, 0xbf, 0x2d, 0x18, 0xb2, 0xd7, 0xd1, 0x68,
    0x52, 0x44, 0x40, 0xe5, 0x5d, 0x55, 0x00, 0x88,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 0x12, 0x30,
    0x9c, 0xd5, 0xfd, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x3c, 0xb7, 0xd3, 0x84,
    0x2e, 0x8c, 0xee, 0x6a, 0x0e, 0xbd, 0x09, 0xf1,
    0xfe, 0x88, 0x4f, 0x68, 0x61, 0xe1, 0xb2, 0x9c,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    // RewardsOwner type id
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0b,
    // locktime:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    // threshold:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // number of addresses:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // addrs[0]:
    0xda, 0x2b, 0xee, 0x01,
    0xbe, 0x82, 0xec, 0xc0, 0x0c, 0x34, 0xf3, 0x61,
    0xed, 0xa8, 0xeb, 0x30, 0xfb, 0x5a, 0x71, 0x5c
]

Unsigned Import TX

What Unsigned Import TX Contains

An unsigned import TX contains a BaseTx, SourceChain, and Ins. The TypeID for this type is 0x00000011.

BaseTx
SourceChain is a 32-byte source blockchain ID.
Ins is a variable length array of Transferable Inputs.

Gantt Unsigned Import TX Specification

+-----------------+--------------|---------------------------------+
| base_tx         : BaseTx       |             size(base_tx) bytes |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------------------------+
| source_chain    : [32]byte     |                        32 bytes |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------------------------+
| ins             : []TransferIn |             4 + size(ins) bytes |
+-----------------+--------------+---------------------------------+
                            | 36 + size(ins) + size(base_tx) bytes |
                            +--------------------------------------+

Proto Unsigned Import TX Specification

message ImportTx {
    BaseTx base_tx = 1;          // size(base_tx)
    bytes source_chain = 2;      // 32 bytes
    repeated TransferIn ins = 3; // 4 bytes + size(ins)
}

Unsigned Import TX Example

Let's make an unsigned import TX that uses the inputs from the previous examples:

BaseTx: "Example BaseTx as defined above with TypeID set to 17"
SourceChain:
Ins: "Example SECP256K1 Transfer Input as defined above"

[
    BaseTx        <- 0x00000011000030390000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006870b7d66ac32540311379e5b5dbad28ec7eb8ddbfc8f4d67299ebb48475907a0000000700000000ee5be5c000000000000000000000000100000001da2bee01be82ecc00c34f361eda8eb30fb5a715cdfafbdf5c81f635c9257824ff21c8e3e6f7b632ac306e11446ee540d34711a15000000016870b7d66ac32540311379e5b5dbad28ec7eb8ddbfc8f4d67299ebb48475907a0000000500000000ee6b28000000000100000000
    SourceChain   <- 0x787cd3243c002e9bf5bbbaea8a42a16c1a19cc105047c66996807cbf16acee10
    Ins <- [
            // input:
    ]
]
=
[
    // base tx:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x11,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x39, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x39, 0xc3, 0x3a, 0x49, 0x9c, 0xe4, 0xc3, 0x3a,
    0x3b, 0x09, 0xcd, 0xd2, 0xcf, 0xa0, 0x1a, 0xe7,
    0x0d, 0xbf, 0x2d, 0x18, 0xb2, 0xd7, 0xd1, 0x68,
    0x52, 0x44, 0x40, 0xe5, 0x5d, 0x55, 0x00, 0x88,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 0x12, 0x30,
    0x9c, 0xd5, 0xfd, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x3c, 0xb7, 0xd3, 0x84,
    0x2e, 0x8c, 0xee, 0x6a, 0x0e, 0xbd, 0x09, 0xf1,
    0xfe, 0x88, 0x4f, 0x68, 0x61, 0xe1, 0xb2, 0x9c,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    // sourceChain
    0x78, 0x7c, 0xd3, 0x24, 0x3c, 0x00, 0x2e, 0x9b,
    0xf5, 0xbb, 0xba, 0xea, 0x8a, 0x42, 0xa1, 0x6c,
    0x1a, 0x19, 0xcc, 0x10, 0x50, 0x47, 0xc6, 0x69,
    0x96, 0x80, 0x7c, 0xbf, 0x16, 0xac, 0xee, 0x10,
    // input count:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // txID:
    0xf1, 0xe1, 0xd1, 0xc1, 0xb1, 0xa1, 0x91, 0x81,
    0x71, 0x61, 0x51, 0x41, 0x31, 0x21, 0x11, 0x01,
    0xf0, 0xe0, 0xd0, 0xc0, 0xb0, 0xa0, 0x90, 0x80,
    0x70, 0x60, 0x50, 0x40, 0x30, 0x20, 0x10, 0x00,
    // utxoIndex:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05,
    // assetID:
    0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
    0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f,
    0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,
    0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f,
    // input:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0xee, 0x6b, 0x28, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
]

Unsigned Export TX

What Unsigned Export TX Contains

An unsigned export TX contains a BaseTx, DestinationChain, and Outs. The TypeID for this type is 0x00000012.

DestinationChain is the 32 byte ID of the chain where the funds are being exported to.
Outs is a variable length array of Transferable Outputs.

Gantt Unsigned Export TX Specification

+-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------------+
| base_tx           : BaseTx        |                  size(base_tx) bytes |
+-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------------+
| destination_chain : [32]byte      |                             32 bytes |
+-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------------+
| outs              : []TransferOut |                 4 + size(outs) bytes |
+-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------------+
                          | 36 + size(outs) + size(base_tx) bytes |
                          +---------------------------------------+

Proto Unsigned Export TX Specification

message ExportTx {
    BaseTx base_tx = 1;            // size(base_tx)
    bytes destination_chain = 2;   // 32 bytes
    repeated TransferOut outs = 3; // 4 bytes + size(outs)
}

Unsigned Export TX Example

Let's make an unsigned export TX that uses the outputs from the previous examples:

BaseTx: "Example BaseTx as defined above" with TypeID set to 18
DestinationChain: 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
Outs: "Example SECP256K1 Transfer Output as defined above"

[
    BaseTx           <- 0x00000012000030390000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006870b7d66ac32540311379e5b5dbad28ec7eb8ddbfc8f4d67299ebb48475907a0000000700000000ee5be5c000000000000000000000000100000001da2bee01be82ecc00c34f361eda8eb30fb5a715cdfafbdf5c81f635c9257824ff21c8e3e6f7b632ac306e11446ee540d34711a15000000016870b7d66ac32540311379e5b5dbad28ec7eb8ddbfc8f4d67299ebb48475907a0000000500000000ee6b28000000000100000000
    DestinationChain <- 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
    Outs <- [
        000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f000000070000000000003039000000000000d431000000010000000251025c61fbcfc078f69334f834be6dd26d55a955c3344128e060128ede3523a24a461c8943ab0859,
    ]
]
=
[
    // base tx:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x12
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
    0xee, 0xee, 0xee, 0xee, 0xdd, 0xdd, 0xdd, 0xdd,
    0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xbb, 0xbb, 0xbb, 0xbb,
    0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99,
    0x88, 0x88, 0x88, 0x88, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
    0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f,
    0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,
    0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x39, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0xd4, 0x31, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x51, 0x02, 0x5c, 0x61,
    0xfb, 0xcf, 0xc0, 0x78, 0xf6, 0x93, 0x34, 0xf8,
    0x34, 0xbe, 0x6d, 0xd2, 0x6d, 0x55, 0xa9, 0x55,
    0xc3, 0x34, 0x41, 0x28, 0xe0, 0x60, 0x12, 0x8e,
    0xde, 0x35, 0x23, 0xa2, 0x4a, 0x46, 0x1c, 0x89,
    0x43, 0xab, 0x08, 0x59, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0xf1, 0xe1, 0xd1, 0xc1, 0xb1, 0xa1, 0x91, 0x81,
    0x71, 0x61, 0x51, 0x41, 0x31, 0x21, 0x11, 0x01,
    0xf0, 0xe0, 0xd0, 0xc0, 0xb0, 0xa0, 0x90, 0x80,
    0x70, 0x60, 0x50, 0x40, 0x30, 0x20, 0x10, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03,
    0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b,
    0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f, 0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13,
    0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17, 0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b,
    0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x5b, 0xcd, 0x15,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04,
    0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03
    // destination_chain:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    // outs[] count:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // assetID:
    0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
    0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f,
    0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,
    0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f,
    // output:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x39,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xd4, 0x31,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02,
    0x51, 0x02, 0x5c, 0x61, 0xfb, 0xcf, 0xc0, 0x78,
    0xf6, 0x93, 0x34, 0xf8, 0x34, 0xbe, 0x6d, 0xd2,
    0x6d, 0x55, 0xa9, 0x55, 0xc3, 0x34, 0x41, 0x28,
    0xe0, 0x60, 0x12, 0x8e, 0xde, 0x35, 0x23, 0xa2,
    0x4a, 0x46, 0x1c, 0x89, 0x43, 0xab, 0x08, 0x59,
]

Credentials

Credentials have one possible types: SECP256K1Credential. Each credential is paired with an Input or Operation. The order of the credentials match the order of the inputs or operations.

SECP256K1 Credential

A secp256k1 credential contains a list of 65-byte recoverable signatures.

What SECP256K1 Credential Contains

TypeID is the ID for this type. It is 0x00000009.
Signatures is an array of 65-byte recoverable signatures. The order of the signatures must match the input's signature indices.

Gantt SECP256K1 Credential Specification

+------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| type_id         : int        |                         4 bytes |
+-----------------+------------+---------------------------------+
| signatures      : [][65]byte |  4 + 65 * len(signatures) bytes |
+-----------------+------------+---------------------------------+
                               |  8 + 65 * len(signatures) bytes |
                               +---------------------------------+

Proto SECP256K1 Credential Specification

message SECP256K1Credential {
    uint32 TypeID = 1;             // 4 bytes
    repeated bytes signatures = 2; // 4 bytes + 65 bytes * len(signatures)
}

SECP256K1 Credential Example

Let's make a payment input with:

signatures:
0x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1e1d1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2e2d2f303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f00
0x404142434445464748494a4b4c4d4e4f505152535455565758595a5b5c5e5d5f606162636465666768696a6b6c6e6d6f707172737475767778797a7b7c7d7e7f00

[
    Signatures <- [
        0x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1e1d1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2e2d2f303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f00,
        0x404142434445464748494a4b4c4d4e4f505152535455565758595a5b5c5e5d5f606162636465666768696a6b6c6e6d6f707172737475767778797a7b7c7d7e7f00,
    ]
]
=
[
    // Type ID
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x09,
    // length:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02,
    // sig[0]
    0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
    0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f,
    0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,
    0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1e, 0x1d, 0x1f,
    0x20, 0x21, 0x22, 0x23, 0x24, 0x25, 0x26, 0x27,
    0x28, 0x29, 0x2a, 0x2b, 0x2c, 0x2e, 0x2d, 0x2f,
    0x30, 0x31, 0x32, 0x33, 0x34, 0x35, 0x36, 0x37,
    0x38, 0x39, 0x3a, 0x3b, 0x3c, 0x3d, 0x3e, 0x3f,
    0x00,
    // sig[1]
    0x40, 0x41, 0x42, 0x43, 0x44, 0x45, 0x46, 0x47,
    0x48, 0x49, 0x4a, 0x4b, 0x4c, 0x4d, 0x4e, 0x4f,
    0x50, 0x51, 0x52, 0x53, 0x54, 0x55, 0x56, 0x57,
    0x58, 0x59, 0x5a, 0x5b, 0x5c, 0x5e, 0x5d, 0x5f,
    0x60, 0x61, 0x62, 0x63, 0x64, 0x65, 0x66, 0x67,
    0x68, 0x69, 0x6a, 0x6b, 0x6c, 0x6e, 0x6d, 0x6f,
    0x70, 0x71, 0x72, 0x73, 0x74, 0x75, 0x76, 0x77,
    0x78, 0x79, 0x7a, 0x7b, 0x7c, 0x7d, 0x7e, 0x7f,
    0x00,
]

Signed Transaction

A signed transaction is an unsigned transaction with the addition of an array of credentials.

What Signed Transaction Contains

A signed transaction contains a CodecID, UnsignedTx, and Credentials.

CodecID The only current valid codec id is 00 00.
UnsignedTx is an unsigned transaction, as described above.
Credentials is an array of credentials. Each credential will be paired with the input in the same index at this credential.

Gantt Signed Transaction Specification

+---------------------+--------------+------------------------------------------------+
| codec_id            : uint16       |                                        2 bytes |
+---------------------+--------------+------------------------------------------------+
| unsigned_tx         : UnsignedTx   |                        size(unsigned_tx) bytes |
+---------------------+--------------+------------------------------------------------+
| credentials         : []Credential |                    4 + size(credentials) bytes |
+---------------------+--------------+------------------------------------------------+
                                     | 6 + size(unsigned_tx) + len(credentials) bytes |
                                     +------------------------------------------------+

Proto Signed Transaction Specification

message Tx {
    uint32 codec_id = 1;                 // 2 bytes
    UnsignedTx unsigned_tx = 2;          // size(unsigned_tx)
    repeated Credential credentials = 3; // 4 bytes + size(credentials)
}

Signed Transaction Example

Let's make a signed transaction that uses the unsigned transaction and credential from the previous examples.

CodecID: 0
UnsignedTx: 0x0000000100000003ffffffffeeeeeeeeddddddddccccccccbbbbbbbbaaaaaaaa999999998888888800000001000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f000000070000000000003039000000000000d431000000010000000251025c61fbcfc078f69334f834be6dd26d55a955c3344128e060128ede3523a24a461c8943ab085900000001f1e1d1c1b1a191817161514131211101f0e0d0c0b0a09080706050403020100000000005000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f0000000500000000075bcd150000000200000003000000070000000400010203
Credentials 0x0000000900000002000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1e1d1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2e2d2f303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f00404142434445464748494a4b4c4d4e4f505152535455565758595a5b5c5e5d5f606162636465666768696a6b6c6e6d6f707172737475767778797a7b7c7d7e7f00

[
    CodecID     <- 0x0000
    UnsignedTx  <- 0x0000000100000003ffffffffeeeeeeeeddddddddccccccccbbbbbbbbaaaaaaaa999999998888888800000001000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f000000070000000000003039000000000000d431000000010000000251025c61fbcfc078f69334f834be6dd26d55a955c3344128e060128ede3523a24a461c8943ab085900000001f1e1d1c1b1a191817161514131211101f0e0d0c0b0a09080706050403020100000000005000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f0000000500000000075bcd150000000200000003000000070000000400010203
    Credentials <- [
        0x0000000900000002000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1e1d1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2e2d2f303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f00404142434445464748494a4b4c4d4e4f505152535455565758595a5b5c5e5d5f606162636465666768696a6b6c6e6d6f707172737475767778797a7b7c7d7e7f00,
    ]
]
=
[
    // Codec ID
    0x00, 0x00,
    // unsigned transaction:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03,
    0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xee, 0xee, 0xee, 0xee,
    0xdd, 0xdd, 0xdd, 0xdd, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc, 0xcc,
    0xbb, 0xbb, 0xbb, 0xbb, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa, 0xaa,
    0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0x99, 0x88, 0x88, 0x88, 0x88,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03,
    0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b,
    0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f, 0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13,
    0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17, 0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b,
    0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x39,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xd4, 0x31,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02,
    0x51, 0x02, 0x5c, 0x61, 0xfb, 0xcf, 0xc0, 0x78,
    0xf6, 0x93, 0x34, 0xf8, 0x34, 0xbe, 0x6d, 0xd2,
    0x6d, 0x55, 0xa9, 0x55, 0xc3, 0x34, 0x41, 0x28,
    0xe0, 0x60, 0x12, 0x8e, 0xde, 0x35, 0x23, 0xa2,
    0x4a, 0x46, 0x1c, 0x89, 0x43, 0xab, 0x08, 0x59,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xf1, 0xe1, 0xd1, 0xc1,
    0xb1, 0xa1, 0x91, 0x81, 0x71, 0x61, 0x51, 0x41,
    0x31, 0x21, 0x11, 0x01, 0xf0, 0xe0, 0xd0, 0xc0,
    0xb0, 0xa0, 0x90, 0x80, 0x70, 0x60, 0x50, 0x40,
    0x30, 0x20, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05,
    0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
    0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f,
    0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,
    0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x07, 0x5b, 0xcd, 0x15, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03
    // number of credentials:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    // credential[0]:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x09, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02,
    0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
    0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f,
    0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,
    0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1e, 0x1d, 0x1f,
    0x20, 0x21, 0x22, 0x23, 0x24, 0x25, 0x26, 0x27,
    0x28, 0x29, 0x2a, 0x2b, 0x2c, 0x2e, 0x2d, 0x2f,
    0x30, 0x31, 0x32, 0x33, 0x34, 0x35, 0x36, 0x37,
    0x38, 0x39, 0x3a, 0x3b, 0x3c, 0x3d, 0x3e, 0x3f,
    0x00, 0x40, 0x41, 0x42, 0x43, 0x44, 0x45, 0x46,
    0x47, 0x48, 0x49, 0x4a, 0x4b, 0x4c, 0x4d, 0x4e,
    0x4f, 0x50, 0x51, 0x52, 0x53, 0x54, 0x55, 0x56,
    0x57, 0x58, 0x59, 0x5a, 0x5b, 0x5c, 0x5e, 0x5d,
    0x5f, 0x60, 0x61, 0x62, 0x63, 0x64, 0x65, 0x66,
    0x67, 0x68, 0x69, 0x6a, 0x6b, 0x6c, 0x6e, 0x6d,
    0x6f, 0x70, 0x71, 0x72, 0x73, 0x74, 0x75, 0x76,
    0x77, 0x78, 0x79, 0x7a, 0x7b, 0x7c, 0x7d, 0x7e,
    0x7f, 0x00,

UTXO

A UTXO is a standalone representation of a transaction output.

What UTXO Contains

A UTXO contains a CodecID, TxID, UTXOIndex, and Output.

CodecID The only current valid codec id is 00 00.
TxID is a 32-byte transaction ID. Transaction IDs are calculated by taking sha256 of the bytes of the signed transaction.
UTXOIndex is an int that specifies which output in the transaction specified by TxID that this utxo was created by.
AssetID is a 32-byte array that defines which asset this utxo references.
Output is the output object that created this utxo. The serialization of Outputs was defined above.

Gantt UTXO Specification

+--------------+----------+-------------------------+
| codec_id     : uint16   |                 2 bytes |
+--------------+----------+-------------------------+
| tx_id        : [32]byte |                32 bytes |
+--------------+----------+-------------------------+
| output_index : int      |                 4 bytes |
+--------------+----------+-------------------------+
| asset_id     : [32]byte |                32 bytes |
+--------------+----------+-------------------------+
| output       : Output   |      size(output) bytes |
+--------------+----------+-------------------------+
                          | 70 + size(output) bytes |
                          +-------------------------+

Proto UTXO Specification

message Utxo {
    uint32 codec_id = 1;     // 02 bytes
    bytes tx_id = 2;         // 32 bytes
    uint32 output_index = 3; // 04 bytes
    bytes asset_id = 4;      // 32 bytes
    Output output = 5;       // size(output)
}

UTXO Example

Let's make a UTXO from the signed transaction created above:

CodecID: 0
TxID: 0xf966750f438867c3c9828ddcdbe660e21ccdbb36a9276958f011ba472f75d4e7
UTXOIndex: 0x00000000
AssetID: 0x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f
Output: "Example SECP256K1 Transferable Output as defined above"

[
    CodecID   <- 0x0000
    TxID      <- 0xf966750f438867c3c9828ddcdbe660e21ccdbb36a9276958f011ba472f75d4e7
    UTXOIndex <- 0x00000000
    AssetID   <- 0x000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f
    Output    <- 0x000000070000000000003039000000000000d431000000010000000251025c61fbcfc078f69334f834be6dd26d55a955c3344128e060128ede3523a24a461c8943ab0859
]
=
[
    // Codec ID:
    0x00, 0x00,
    // txID:
    0xf9, 0x66, 0x75, 0x0f, 0x43, 0x88, 0x67, 0xc3,
    0xc9, 0x82, 0x8d, 0xdc, 0xdb, 0xe6, 0x60, 0xe2,
    0x1c, 0xcd, 0xbb, 0x36, 0xa9, 0x27, 0x69, 0x58,
    0xf0, 0x11, 0xba, 0x47, 0x2f, 0x75, 0xd4, 0xe7,
    // utxo index:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    // assetID:
    0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
    0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f,
    0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,
    0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f,
    // output:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x39, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0xd4, 0x31, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03,
    0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07, 0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b,
    0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f, 0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13,
    0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17, 0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b,
    0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f, 0x20, 0x21, 0x22, 0x23,
    0x24, 0x25, 0x26, 0x27,
]

StakeableLockIn

A StakeableLockIn is a staked and locked input. The StakeableLockIn can only fund StakeableLockOuts with the same address until its lock time has passed.

What StakeableLockIn Contains

A StakeableLockIn contains a TypeID, Locktime and TransferableIn.

TypeID is the ID for this output type. It is 0x00000015.
Locktime is a long that contains the Unix timestamp before which the input can be consumed only to stake. The Unix timestamp is specific to the second.
TransferableIn is a transferable input object.

Gantt StakeableLockIn Specification

+-----------------+-------------------+--------------------------------+
| type_id         : int               |                        4 bytes |
+-----------------+-------------------+--------------------------------+
| locktime        : long              |                        8 bytes |
+-----------------+-------------------+--------------------------------+
| transferable_in : TransferableInput |          size(transferable_in) |
+-----------------+-------------------+--------------------------------+
                                    | 12 + size(transferable_in) bytes |
                                    +----------------------------------+

Proto StakeableLockIn Specification

message StakeableLockIn {
    uint32 type_id = 1;                    // 04 bytes
    uint64 locktime = 2;                   // 08 bytes
    TransferableInput transferable_in = 3; // size(transferable_in)
}

StakeableLockIn Example

Let's make a StakeableLockIn with:

TypeID: 21
Locktime: 54321
TransferableIn: "Example SECP256K1 Transfer Input as defined above"

[
    TypeID    <- 0x00000015
    Locktime  <- 0x000000000000d431
    TransferableIn <- [
        f1e1d1c1b1a191817161514131211101f0e0d0c0b0a09080706050403020100000000005000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f0000000500000000075bcd150000000100000000,
    ]
]
=
[
    // type_id:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x15,
    // locktime:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xd4, 0x31,
    // transferable_in
    0xf1, 0xe1, 0xd1, 0xc1, 0xb1, 0xa1, 0x91, 0x81,
    0x71, 0x61, 0x51, 0x41, 0x31, 0x21, 0x11, 0x01,
    0xf0, 0xe0, 0xd0, 0xc0, 0xb0, 0xa0, 0x90, 0x80,
    0x70, 0x60, 0x50, 0x40, 0x30, 0x20, 0x10, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05,
    0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
    0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f,
    0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,
    0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x07, 0x5b, 0xcd, 0x15, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
]

StakeableLockOut

A StakeableLockOut is an output that is locked until its lock time, but can be staked in the meantime.

What StakeableLockOut Contains

A StakeableLockOut contains a TypeID, Locktime and TransferableOut.

TypeID is the ID for this output type. It is 0x00000016.
Locktime is a long that contains the Unix timestamp before which the output can be consumed only to stake. The Unix timestamp is specific to the second.
transferableout: "Example SECP256K1 Transfer Output as defined above"

Gantt StakeableLockOut Specification

+------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------+
| type_id          : int                |                        4 bytes |
+------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------+
| locktime         : long               |                        8 bytes |
+------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------+
| transferable_out : TransferableOutput |         size(transferable_out) |
+------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------+
                                     | 12 + size(transferable_out) bytes |
                                     +-----------------------------------+

Proto StakeableLockOut Specification

message StakeableLockOut {
    uint32 type_id = 1;                      // 04 bytes
    uint64 locktime = 2;                     // 08 bytes
    TransferableOutput transferable_out = 3; // size(transferable_out)
}

StakeableLockOut Example

Let's make a stakeablelockout with:

TypeID: 22
Locktime: 54321
TransferableOutput: "Example SECP256K1 Transfer Output from above"

[
    TypeID              <- 0x00000016
    Locktime            <- 0x000000000000d431
    TransferableOutput  <- 0x000000070000000000003039000000000000d431000000010000000251025c61fbcfc078f69334f834be6dd26d55a955c3344128e060128ede3523a24a461c8943ab0859,
]
=
[
    // type_id:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x16,
    // locktime:
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xd4, 0x31,
    // transferable_out
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x39, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
    0x00, 0x00, 0xd4, 0x31, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x51, 0x02, 0x5c, 0x61,
    0xfb, 0xcf, 0xc0, 0x78, 0xf6, 0x93, 0x34, 0xf8,
    0x34, 0xbe, 0x6d, 0xd2, 0x6d, 0x55, 0xa9, 0x55,
    0xc3, 0x34, 0x41, 0x28, 0xe0, 0x60, 0x12, 0x8e,
    0xde, 0x35, 0x23, 0xa2, 0x4a, 0x46, 0x1c, 0x89,
    0x43, 0xab, 0x08, 0x59,
]

Avalanche L1 Auth

What Avalanche L1 Auth Contains

Specifies the addresses whose signatures will be provided to demonstrate that the owners of an Avalanche L1 approve something.

TypeID is the ID for this type. It is 0x0000000a.
AddressIndices defines which addresses' signatures will be attached to this transaction. AddressIndices[i] is the index in an Avalanche L1 owner list that corresponds to the signature at index i in the signature list. Must be sorted low to high and not have duplicates.

Gantt Avalanche L1 Auth Specification

+-----------------+------------------+-------------------------------------+
| type_id         : int              |                             4 bytes |
+-----------------+------------------+-------------------------------------+
| address_indices : []int            |    4 + 4*len(address_indices) bytes |
+-----------------+------------------+-------------------------------------+
                  |                       8 + 4*len(address_indices) bytes |
+-----------------+--------------------------------------------------------+

Proto Avalanche L1 Auth Specification

message SubnetAuth {
    uint32 type_id = 1;                          // 04 bytes
    repeated AddressIndex address_indices = 2;   // 04 + 4*len(address_indices) bytes
}

Avalanche L1 Auth Example

Let's make an Avalanche L1 auth:

TypeID: 10
AddressIndices: [0]

[
    TypeID                <- 0x0000000a
    AddressIndices        <-  [
       0x00000000
    ]
]

=
[
  // type id
  0x00, 0x00, 00x0, 0x0a,

  // num address indices
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,

  // address index 1
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00
]

Validator

A validator verifies transactions on a blockchain.

What Validator Contains

A validator contains NodeID, Start, End, and Wght

NodeID is the ID of the validator
Start Unix time this validator starts validating
End Unix time this validator stops validating
Wght Weight of this validator used when sampling

Gantt Validator Specification

+------------------+----------+
| node_id : string | 20 bytes |
+------------------+----------+
| start   : uint64 | 8 bytes  |
+------------------+----------+
| end     : uint64 | 8 bytes  |
+------------------+----------+
| wght    : uint64 | 8 bytes  |
+------------------+----------+
|                  | 44 bytes |
+------------------+----------+

Proto Validator Specification

message Validator {
    string node_id = 1;        // 20 bytes
    uint64 start = 2;          // 08 bytes
    uint64 end = 3;            // 08 bytes
    uint64 wght = 4;           // 08 bytes
}

Validator Example

Let's make a validator:

NodeID: "NodeID-GWPcbFJZFfZreETSoWjPimr846mXEKCtu"
Start: 1643068824
End: 1644364767
Wght: 20

[
    NodeID  <- 0xaa18d3991cf637aa6c162f5e95cf163f69cd8291
    Start   <- 0x61ef3d98
    End     <- 0x620303df
    Wght    <- 0x14
]

=
[
  // node id
  0xaa, 0x18, 0xd3, 0x99, 0x1c, 0xf6, 0x37,
  0xaa, 0x6c, 0x16, 0x2f, 0x5e, 0x95, 0xcf,
  0x16, 0x3f, 0x69, 0xcd, 0x82, 0x91,
  // start
  0x61, 0xef, 0x3d, 0x98,
  // end
  0x62, 0x03, 0x03, 0xdf,
  // wght
  0x14,
]

Rewards Owner

Where to send staking rewards when done validating

What Rewards Owner Contains

A rewards owner contains a TypeID, Locktime, Threshold, and Addresses.

TypeID is the ID for this validator. It is 0x0000000b.
Locktime is a long that contains the Unix timestamp that this output can be spent after. The Unix timestamp is specific to the second.
Threshold is an int that names the number of unique signatures required to spend the output. Must be less than or equal to the length of Addresses. If Addresses is empty, must be 0.
Addresses is a list of unique addresses that correspond to the private keys that can be used to spend this output. Addresses must be sorted lexicographically.

Gantt Rewards Owner Specification

+------------------------+-------------------------------+
| type_id   : int        | 4 bytes                       |
+------------------------+-------------------------------+
| locktime  : long       | 8 bytes                       |
+------------------------+-------------------------------+
| threshold : int        | 4 bytes                       |
+------------------------+-------------------------------+
| addresses : [][20]byte | 4 + 20 * len(addresses) bytes |
+------------------------+-------------------------------+
|                        | 40 bytes                      |
+------------------------+-------------------------------+

Proto Rewards Owner Specification

message RewardsOwner {
    string type_id = 1;           // 4 bytes
    uint64 locktime = 2;          // 08 bytes
    uint32 threshold = 3;         // 04 bytes
    repeated bytes addresses = 4; // 04 bytes + 20 bytes * len(addresses)
}

Rewards Owner Example

Let's make a rewards owner:

TypeID: 11
Locktime: 54321
Threshold: 1
Addresses:
0x51025c61fbcfc078f69334f834be6dd26d55a955
0xc3344128e060128ede3523a24a461c8943ab0859

[
    TypeID  <- 0x0000000b
    Locktime  <- 0x000000000000d431
    Threshold <- 0x00000001
    Addresses <- [
        0x51025c61fbcfc078f69334f834be6dd26d55a955,
        0xc3344128e060128ede3523a24a461c8943ab0859,
    ]
]

=
[
  // type id
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0b,
  // locktime
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xd4, 0x31,
  // threshold:
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
  // number of addresses:
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02,
  // addrs[0]:
  0x51, 0x02, 0x5c, 0x61, 0xfb, 0xcf, 0xc0, 0x78,
  0xf6, 0x93, 0x34, 0xf8, 0x34, 0xbe, 0x6d, 0xd2,
  0x6d, 0x55, 0xa9, 0x55,
  // addrs[1]:
  0xc3, 0x34, 0x41, 0x28, 0xe0, 0x60, 0x12, 0x8e,
  0xde, 0x35, 0x23, 0xa2, 0x4a, 0x46, 0x1c, 0x89,
  0x43, 0xab, 0x08, 0x59,
]

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